Calibration of multi-layered probes with low/high magnetic moments

We present a comprehensive method for visualisation and quantification of the magnetic stray field of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) probes, applied to the particular case of custom-made multi-layered probes with controllable high/low magnetic moment states. The probes consist of two decoupled magnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic interlayer, which results in four stable magnetic states: ±ferromagnetic (FM) and ±antiferromagnetic (A-FM). Direct visualisation of the stray field surrounding the probe apex using electron holography convincingly demonstrates a striking difference in the spatial distribution and strength of the magnetic flux in FM and A-FM states. In situ MFM studies of reference samples are used to determine the probe switching fields and spatial resolution. Furthermore, quantitative values of the probe magnetic moments are obtained by determining their real space tip transfer function (RSTTF). We also map the local Hall voltage in graphene Hall nanosensors induced by the probes in different states. The measured transport properties of nanosensors and RSTTF outcomes are introduced as an input in a numerical model of Hall devices to verify the probe magnetic moments. The modelling results fully match the experimental measurements, outlining an all-inclusive method for the calibration of complex magnetic probes with a controllable low/high magnetic moment

The impact of the number of tears in patient-specific Stanford type B aortic dissecting aneurysm: CFD simulation

It is believed that the progression of Stanford type B aortic dissection is closely associated with vascular geometry and hemodynamic parameters. The hemodynamic differences owing to the presence of greater than two tears have not been explored. The focus of the present study is to investigate the impact of an additional re-entry tear on the flow, pressure and wall shear stress distribution in the dissected aorta. A 3D aorta model with one entry and one re-entry tear was generated from computed tomography (CT) angiographic images of a patient with Stanford Type B aortic dissection. To investigate the hemodynamic effect of more than two tear locations, an additional circular re-entry tear was added 24mm above the original re-entry tear. Our simulation results showed that the presence of an additional re-entry tear provided an extra return path for blood back to the true lumen during systole, and an extra outflow path into the false lumen during diastole. The presence of this additional path led to a decrease in the false lumen pressure, particularly at the distal region. Meanwhile, the presence of this additional tear causes no significant difference on the time average wall shear stress (TAWSS) distribution except at regions adjacent to re-entry tear 2. Moderate and concentrated TAWSS was observed at the bottom region of this additional tear which may lead to further extension of the tear distally

Modelling of micro-Hall sensors for magnetization imaging

This paper presents a numerical model for the study of micro-Hall magnetometry applications, aiming at evaluating the sensitivity of semiconductor miniaturized devices to the stray field of permalloy nanostructures with ring and disk geometry. The procedure couples a micromagnetic code, for the calculation of the stray field generated by the nanomagnet, to a 2D classical transport model for the determination of the electric potential distribution inside the Hall plate. The model is applied to study the sensitivity of a micro-Hall device in the detection of magnetization switching processes characterized by vortex state, focusing on the influence of magnetic nanostructure position

Modelling and optimization of submicron Hall sensors for the detection of superparamagnetic beads

This paper deals with the numerical modeling of the electric potential distribution inside semiconductor Hall effect devices, under the presence of non-uniform magnetic fields. The model is applied to study miniaturized sensors for the detection of superparamagnetic nanobeads. The magnetic moment resolution is evaluated for different Hall probe geometries, by varying the bead size and its distance from the sensor surface

Modelling and optimization of submicron Hall sensors for the detection of superparamagnetic beads

This paper deals with the numerical modeling of the electric potential distribution inside semiconductor Hall effect devices, under the presence of non-uniform magnetic fields. The model is applied to study miniaturized sensors for the detection of superparamagnetic nanobeads. The magnetic moment resolution is evaluated for different Hall probe geometries, by varying the bead size and its distance from the sensor surface

Optimization of Hall bar response to localized magnetic and electric fields

The present paper investigates the influence of localized magnetic and electric fields, produced by a magnetic scanning tip, on the response of high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas in a Hall bar geometry. We have developed a comprehensive numerical model, validated it by experiment and found the optimal design for magnetic sensing and limitation of perturbing effects due to electric field. This approach can be straightforwardly extended to the design of sensors for the detection of charged magnetic nanoparticles

The Future of Neuroscience: Flexible and Wireless Implantable Neural Electronics

Neurological diseases are a prevalent cause of global mortality and are of growing concern when considering an ageing global population. Traditional treatments are accompanied by serious side effects including repeated treatment sessions, invasive surgeries, or infections. For example, in the case of deep brain stimulation, large, stiff, and battery powered neural probes recruit thousands of neurons with each pulse, and can invoke a vigorous immune response. This paper presents challenges in engineering and neuroscience in developing miniaturized and biointegrated alternatives, in the form of microelectrode probes. Progress in design and topology of neural implants has shifted the goal post toward highly specific recording and stimulation, targeting small groups of neurons and reducing the foreign body response with biomimetic design principles. Implantable device design recommendations, fabrication techniques, and clinical evaluation of the impact flexible, integrated probes will have on the treatment of neurological disorders are provided in this report. The choice of biocompatible material dictates fabrication techniques as novel methods reduce the complexity of manufacture. Wireless power, the final hurdle to truly implantable neural interfaces, is discussed. These aspects are the driving force behind continued research: significant breakthroughs in any one of these areas will revolutionize the treatment of neurological disorders