High-energy lasers: principles, types, indications in periodontial practices

Investigations in the area of laser application in dental practices date back to 1964. Shortly after lasers came to being, they were introduced both in medicine and in dental medicine where they were successfully used for the diagnostics and treatment of a number of diseases. The current literature review presents the nature and properties of lasers and laser beams. Their biological and healing action is discussed. The most common lasers that are employed in dental practices are indicated. The accent is on high-energy lasers used in operative dentistry and periodontology, namely the Er:Cr:YSGG и Er:YAG lasers, and their emission characteristics. The focus in this literature review is on laser application in periodontal practices. The properties and indications of the most frequently applied lasers are indicated and their advantages are outlined. The latter are due to their specific biological and therapeutic effects both on healthy and on pathologically altered periodontal tissues.The paper also comprises clinical reports by renowned experts in periodontology about laser application in the treatment of different periodontial diseases. Twenty-seven articles are cited.Scripta Scientifica Medica 2011;43(2): 87-9

Further studies on the metabolic changes in strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis after treatment with some detergents and lipid solvents

In Bulgarian.Reproduced from SciFinder, with permission from the Chemical Abstracts Service. Incubation of S. typhimurium and Y. pseudotuberculosis in 30% petroleum ether at 37° inhibited respiration more than did 0.01-0.03% Na lauryl sulfate [151-21-3]. After a 72-h incubation in 10% glycerol [56-81-5] the respiration level returned to, or approached normal. Petroleum ether also inhibited dehydrogenase [9035-82-9] activity and glycolysis more than did Na lauryl sulfate. Incubation in glycerol also reversed this inhibition. Na lauryl sulfate completely and irreversibly inhibited phosphatase [9013-05-2] at pH 5.4 and 8.0. Petroleum ether inhibited phosphatase at pH 5.4 in Y. pseudotuberculosis and at pH 8.0 in S. typhimurium

Characteristics of pectic polysaccharides from leek obtained through consecutive extraction with various reaction agents

Five polysaccharide fractions of commensurable by yield, but different in composition were obtained through consecutive extraction with water, solutions of ammonium oxalate, sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide from the alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR) of leek. In the polyuronide part of these fractions besides galacturonic acid was found also glucuronic acid. In the neutral sugar fraction, the prevailing sugar was galactose, followed by rhamnose. The water-extractable pectic polysaccharide was highly homogenous (93.3% of it had molecular mass of 1.3×10 6 kDa) and protein content of 8% (the highest compared to the other extracted polysaccharides). Extraction with diluted hydrochloric acid yielded polysaccharide with the highest neutral sugar content of 71.1% and a low uronic acids content. The water-and chelate-extractable fractions had a lower L-rhamnose content (2.7% and 2.9%, respectively) and the other polysaccharide fractions from leek were characterized by a high L-rhamnose content (from 14 to 28%). The pectic polysaccharides obtained from leek have shown good immunostimulating properties. The highest immunostimulating activity has been shown by the water-and chelate-extractable polysaccharides, which are also characterized by a high polyuronic acid content and polysaccharides with molecular mass over 10 6 Da