The impact of Russian borrowings on the English language

The English language is one of the most versatile and beautiful languages in the world. Throughout history it was influenced by many languages and the Russian language was among them. But, in comparison with other languages, Russian did not contribute much to the English language formation. Nevertheless, the issue considered in the paper, has been studied by some respectable scientists in the field of linguistics and theory of translation. The main purpose of this work is to analyze the phenomenon of borrowings in general and the influence of Russian borrowings on the English language in particular. Английский язык - один из самых многогранных и красивых языков в мире. В ходе истории английский язык подвергался влиянию многих языков, в том числе и русского языка. Однако, по сравнению с другими языками, русский оказал достаточно скромное влияние на формирование английского. Несмотря на это, проблема заимствований из русского языка, рассматриваемая в данной работе, изучалась достаточно известными и уважаемыми учеными в области лингвистики и переводоведения. Основной целью данного исследования является анализ явления заимствования в целом и влияние заимствований из русского языка на английский язык в частности

The US ballistic missile defence policy in the Baltic and Nordic regions

This article examines the implications of the deployment of the US ballistic missile defense (BMD) system in the Baltic and Nordic regions. These implications are to be considered to ensure Russia's military security. Using the structural-functional method, the authors analyse the internal structure of the US BMD in Europe, stages of its implementation, and its influence on the military equilibrium in the region. Being similar to other regional missile defence systems of the Pentagon, BMD in Europe increases the offensive capabilities of the US armed forces and its allies and in doing so, it stops performing a purely defensive mission declared by Washington. It is stressed that the deployment of mobile sea- and land-based BMD elements in the Baltic Sea region and Nordic countries will inevitably destabilize the strategic situation and may lead to a new round of arms race in the region. The efficacy of BMD in Europe is evaluated from the perspective of military technology. The system’s potential threats to Russia's military security and its armed forces are assessed. The article considers measures to enhance national security that could be taken by Russia provided the US plans to deploy BMD in Europe are fully implemented

Foreign lobbying as an instrument of defense cooperation between Poland and the United States

Defence cooperation between Poland and the United States significantly affects the security agenda of Russia, the Baltic region, and Europe as a whole. On the one hand, Poland intends to become a key partner of the US in ensuring European security. On the other hand, it has ambitions to take the leading position in the security area among the Baltic States. The Polish leadership sees an additional advantage in expanding military cooperation with the United States, regarding it as a jumping board to accelerating its economic and technological development. This article examines a mechanism underlying defence cooperation between the US and Poland, i.e. lobbying Poland’s interests in another state. This allows Warsaw to actively promote its interests in the US. The research methodology employed includes the periodisation of Polish lobbying activities in the US and an empirical study of lobbying based on analysis of original documents, many of which have been analysed for the first time. It is shown that, under the existing party system, Poland will not abandon strategic partnership with the United States, primarily in security and defence. Over the study period, Poland quickly gained experience in promoting its interests in the US through direct lobbying, showing flexibility in negotiations, relying on the two-party support in the US Congress, successfully coordinating the activities of its governing bodies and various corporations which are submitted to tight state control

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived adhesins

Around fifteen surface components referred to adhesins have been identified in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis combining primarily microbiological, molecular and genetic, as well as immunochemical and biophysical methods. Y. pseudotuberculosis-derived adhesins vary in structure and chemical composition but they are mainly presented by protein molecules. Some of them were shown to participate not only in adhesive but in other pathogen-related physiological functions in the host-parasite interplay. Adhesins can mediate bacterial adhesion to eukaryotic cell either directly or via the extracellular matrix components. These adhesion molecules are encoded by chromosomal DNA excepting YadA protein which gene is located in the calcium-dependence plasmid pYV common for pathogenic yersisniae. An optimum temperature for adhesin biosynthesis is located close to the body temperature of warm-blooded animals; however, at low temperature only invasin InvA, full-length smooth lipopolysaccharide and porin OmpF are produced in Y. pseudotuberculosis. Several adhesins (Psa, InvA) can be expressed at low pH (corresponds to intracellular content), thereby defining pathogenic yersiniae as facultative intracellular parasites. Three human Yersinia genus pathogens differ by ability to produce adhesins. Y. pseudotuberculosis adherence to host cells or extracellular matrix components is determined by a cumulative adhesion-based activity, which expression depends on chemical composition and physicochemical environmental conditions. It’s proposed that at the initial stage of infectious process adherence of Y. pseudotuberculosis to intestinal epithelium is mediated by InvA protein and “smooth” LPS form. These adhesins are produced in bacterial cells at low (lower than 30°С) temperature occurring in environment from which a pathogen invades into the host. At later stages of pathogenesis, after penetrating through intestinal epithelium, bacterial cells produce other adhesins, which promote survival and dissemination primarily into the mesenteric lymph nodes and, possibly, liver and spleen. At later stages of pathogenesis, after penetrating through intestinal epithelium, bacterial cells produce other adhesins, which promote survival and dissemination primarily into the mesenteric lymph nodes and, perhaps, liver and spleen. Qualitative and quantitative spectrum of Y. pseudotuberculosis adhesins is determined by environmental parameters (intercellular space, intracellular content within the diverse eukaryotic cells)

Expression of hormone receptors by cells of locoregional metastases and primary lesion in breast cancer

ER and PgR-status of metastatic cells may differ from that of the primary tumor of breast cancer, which may lead to resistance to treatment. We investigated surgical material from 91 patients. The primary tumor and the affected lymph nodes tissue was examined by IHC. Groups with positive and negative expression of the receptor cells of the primary tumor were combined. Frequency of discordance of HR status between primary and metastatic tumor tissue was determined. The frequency of the detected differences amounted to 12.1% for ER and 20.9% for PgR. Frequency of ER+ metastases in ER - primary tumor was 17.6%, frequency of ER - metastases with ER+ primary tumor is 8.8%. Frequency PgR+ metastases in PgR - primary tumor is 27.1%, the frequency of PgR - metastases in PgR+ primary tumor is 14.0%. The data obtain the question of the introduction into routine practice immunohistochemical study of metastatically affected lymph nodes to increase the efficiency of prescribed therapy.ER и PgR-статус клеток метастаза может отличаться от статуса первичной опухоли при РМЖ, что может вести к снижению ответа опухоли на химиотерапию. В данное исследование вошел операционный материал от 91 пациентки. Материал первичной опухоли и пораженных лимфоузлов исследовался иммуногистохимически, были сформированы группы с положительной и отрицательной зкспрессией рецепторов клетками первичной опухоли. Определялась частота несоответствий статуса метастатической ткани статусу первичного очага. Частота обнаруженных расхождений составила 12,1% для ER и 20,9% для PgR. Частота ER+ метастазов при ER- первичной опухоли составила 17,6%, частота ER- метастазов при ER+ первичной опухоли - 8,8%. Частота PgR+ метастазов при PgR- первичной опухоли составила 27,1%, частота PgR- метастазов при PgR+ первичной опухоли -14,0%. Полученные данные ставят вопрос о необходимости введения в рутинную практику ИГХ-исследования материала метастатически пораженных лимфоузлов

KI67 level in primary tumor and locoregional metastases of breast cancer

The purpose of this study was the identification and characterization of the differences in the level of Ki67 primary tumor tissues and regional metastases in breast cancer patients. The study included 89 patients with N + breast cancer, previous surgery or treated with preoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy. 4 groups were formed in accordance with the level of Ki67 at source (1 - <20%, 2 - 20-40%, 3 - 40-60%, 4 - 60% or more). Were compared to the expression level of Ki67 in the primary tumor and regional metastases in each case in all groups. The significance of changes was estimated using the Wilcoxon test. A significant increase in the index of Ki67 in metastases was observed in the first group, in other changes were unreliable. The study found a tendency to increase the expression level of Ki67 in regional metastases in cases where the value of the index Ki67 tissue of the primary tumor is less than 20%.Целью данного исследования были выявление и характеристика различий уровня Ki67 в ткани первичной опухоли и регионарных метастазов у больных раком молочной железы. В исследование вошли 89 пациенток с N+ раком молочной железы, прошедших оперативное лечение и не получавших до операции химио- или радиотерапию. Были сформированы 4 группы в соответствии с уровнем Ki67 в первичном очаге (1 - <20%, 2 - 20-40%, 3 - 40-60%, 4 - 60% и более). Проводилось сравнение уровня экспрессии №67 в первичной опухоли и регионарных метастазах в каждом случае во всех группах. Значимость изменений оценивалась при помощи теста Уилкоксона. Значимое увеличение индекса Ki67 в метастазах наблюдалось в первой группе, в остальных изменения оказались недостоверными. В результате исследования обнаружена тенденция к повышению уровня экспрессии Ki67 в регионарных метастазах в тех случаях, когда значение индекса Ki67 ткани первичной опухоли менее 20%

Formation of a digital educational environment in the practical classes at the Department of Histology (On example of the Ural State Medical University)

The article provides the experience of the Department of Histology of the Ural State Medical University (USMU) in creating a digital educational environment in practical histology classes. Most of the class time is devoted to work using individual microscopes and sets of histological preparations. Students consider it correct and quite effective to use full‑slide images of micropreparations as an additional educational resource in the study. A promising area of work on the digitalization of the educational process at the Department of Histologyof the USMU is the placement of developed digital educational products (gallery, atlas of full‑slide images of micropreparations) and methodological support for them in the public domain on the USMU server.В статье обобщен опыт работы кафедры гистологии Уральского государственного медицинского университета (УГМУ) по созданию цифровой образовательной среды в рамках практических занятий, определены факторы, ускорившие цифровизацию. Большая часть времени занятий отводится на работу с использованием индивидуальных микроскопов и наборов гистологических препаратов. Студенты считают правильным и достаточно эффективным применение оцифрованных микропрепаратов в качестве дополнительного обучающего ресурса при изучении микропрепаратов. Перспективным направлением работы по цифровизации образовательного процесса на кафедре гистологии УГМУ является размещение разработанных цифровых образовательных продуктов (галереи, атласа полнослайдовых изображений микропрепаратов) и методического сопровождения к ним в открытом доступе на сервере УГМУ

Morphological characteristics of cells obtained from breast carcinoma samples of different molecular biological subtypes

The article presents the morphological characteristics of cells obtained from samples of human breast carcinoma Luminal A, HER2 + and Triple negative molecular biological subtypes during cultivation. The analysis showed that in the first passage cells of the epithelial phenotype are found, which indicates the epithelial nature of the tumors and is confirmed by the detection of the immunocytochemical marker pancytokeratin. The identification of fusiform, The article presents the morphological characteristics of cells obtained from samples of human breast carcinoma Luminal A, HER2 + and Triple negative molecular biological subtypes during cultivation. The analysis showed that in the first passage cells of the epithelial phenotype are found, which indicates the epithelial nature of the tumors and is confirmed by the detection of the immunocytochemical marker pancytokeratin. The identification of fusiform,В статье дана морфологическая характеристика клеток, полученных из образцов карциномы молочной железы человека Luminal А, HER2+ и Тройного негативного молекулярно-биологических подтипов, в ходе культивирования. Анализ показал, что в первом пассаже обнаруживаются клетки эпителиального фенотипа, что свидетельствует об эпителиальной природе опухолей и подтверждается выявлением иммуноцитохимического маркера панцитокератин. Выявление в культурах веретеновидных, фибробластоподобных и макрофагоподобных клеточных фенотипов свидетельствуют о гетерогенности культуры опухолевых клето