S\mathcal{S}-Matrix of Nonlocal Scalar Quantum Field Theory in the Representation of Basis Functions

Nonlocal quantum theory of one-component scalar field in $D$-dimensional Euclidean spacetime is studied in representations of $\mathcal{S}$-matrix theory for both polynomial and nonpolynomial interaction Lagrangians. The theory is formulated on coupling constant $g$ in the form of an infrared smooth function of argument $x$ for space without boundary. Nonlocality is given by evolution of Gaussian propagator for the local free theory with ultraviolet form factors depending on ultraviolet length parameter $l$. By representation of the $\mathcal{S}$-matrix in terms of abstract functional integral over primary scalar field, the $\mathcal{S}$ form of a grand canonical partition function is found. And, by expression of $\mathcal{S}$-matrix in terms of the partition function, the representation for $\mathcal{S}$ in terms of basis functions is obtained. Derivations are given for discrete case where basis functions are Hermite functions, and for continuous case where basis functions are trigonometric functions. The obtained expressions for the $\mathcal{S}$-matrix are investigated within the framework of variational principle based on Jensen inequality. Equations with separable kernels satisfied by variational function $q$ are found and solved, yielding results for both the polynomial theory $\varphi^{4}$ and the nonpolynomial sine-Gordon theory. A new definition of the $\mathcal{S}$-matrix is proposed to solve additional divergences which arise in application of Jensen inequality for the continuous case. Analytical results are illustrated numerically. For simplicity of numerical calculation: the $D=1$ case is considered, and propagator for the free theory $G$ is in the form of Gaussian function typically in the Virton-Quark model. The formulation for nonlocal QFT in momentum $k$ space of extra dimensions with subsequent compactification into physical spacetime is discussed.Comment: 38 pages, 18 figures; v2: significant text editing; v3: text and plots edited, references and acknowledgments added; prepared for the special issue of the journal Particles in memory of G.V. Efimo

HCV Infection in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Its Role of Genotypes in Clinical Outcomes of the Disease

Aim of the research. To study the epidemic manifestations of HCV infection in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in order to develop recommendations for improving the effectiveness and quality of treatment and prevention measures. Materials and methods. The paper uses materials from the official statistics of the Territorial Department of Rospotrebnadzor of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for 1994–2018, and data from the electronic register «Chronic viral hepatitis in the RS (Ya)» (2019). Molecular and biological studies of the genotype of the hepatitis C virus were performed jointly on the basis of the Federal state budgetary Institution «Central research Institute of epidemiology» of Rospotrebnadzor (2007–2011, n = 75). To assess the epidemiological situation, the rate of increase in morbidity is calculated on the basis of data equalized by the method of least squares. Statistical processing was performed using the SPSS 17 program. The critical significance level is assumed to be 0.05. Results. Thus, the study of long-term dynamics of the incidence of viral hepatitis shows that in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) a consistently high level of incidence of HCV with adverse trends in the development of the epidemic process remains. Analysis of the distribution of different variants of HCV genotypes allowed us to establish the prevalence of genotype 1b, which can determine the high frequency of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. The current situation in the Republic regarding the incidence of viral hepatitis requires detailed monitoring, improvement of epidemiological surveillance and introduction of modern treatment methods. It is also necessary to improve the quality of health education among the population of the Republic

Online service for interpretation of the resistance prediction results to bedaquiline by the molecular data

Background. Bedaquiline is a new and promising anti-tuberculosis drug, but longterm use requires resistance. This is due to mutations in the atpE and mmpR genes in M. tuberculosis (MBT).The aim of the research was to test a system for automated interpretation of results for predicting resistance to bedaquiline by the molecular data.Materials and methods. DNA was isolated from strains of M. tuberculosis in the Irkutsk region and Yakutia. The total quantity of DNA samples was 27 strains from Yakutia and 21 strains from the Irkutsk region. The study of MBT genomes was carried out on the DNA previously obtained by the authors in the territories of the Irkutsk region (n = 5), Yakutia (n = 4), Buryatia (n = 3), Zabaykalskiy kray (n = 4) and the Far East (n = 8). We used the BSATool program to detect bedaquiline resistance based on  Sanger and genomic data. Sanger sequencing analyzed the atpE and  mmpR genes, and whole genome sequencing examined mutations in the same sequences, as well as additionally in mmpL5, mmpS5, Rv0678, Rv1979c, and pepQ.Results. Complete agreement between the phenotypic and genotypic analysis of resistance to bedaquiline was found for three strains from Yakutia. One genome with significant mutations to bedaquiline was identified. A conclusion was made about the importance of molecular analysis of target genes with subsequent detection of resistance to bedaquiline in silico

Isolation and whole genome sequencing of a lipophilic anaerobic bacterium, a representative of the species complex <i>Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum</i>, from a tuberculosis focus

Background. The study of the lower respiratory tract microbiome has been actively developed inrecent years with the help of whole genome sequencing (WGS) methods. Due to this, it became clear that the nature of the lungs microbiota is very different from other microbial communities inhabiting the human body. One of the important directions in the study of pathological lungs biocenosis is the study of the role of the satellite microbiota of the tuberculosis focus. The aim of the work. To isolate and characterize oxygen-tolerant anaerobes from the necrotic contents of tuberculomas. Materials and methods. Biopsy material from 5 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was obtained during a planned surgical treatment of tuberculoma. A pure culture was isolated from one sample during anaerobic cultivation. Lipase activity of strain was determined by plating on brain heart infusion agar (HIMEDIA, India) supplemented with 0.1 % Tween-80 and 10 mM of CaCl2. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by RAPMYCO and SLOWMYCO of TREK Diagnostic Systems (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). DNA from the sediment of the broth culture was isolated by the CTAB chloroform method. Whole genome sequencing was performed on a DNBSeq-G400 NGS sequencer by Genomed (Russia). Results. Based on WGS results and phylogenetic analysis, the strain was identified as Corynebacterium kefirresidentii. The strain was characterized by high lipase activity and resistance only to Isoniazid, Ethionamide and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazolin. Conclusion. The isolation of a lipophilic anaerobic representative of the Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum species complex from a tuberculous focus indicates a  possible role of the non-tuberculous microbiota in the liquefaction of caseous necrosis. We assumed that in some cases, favorable conditions are created inside the tuberculous focus for the development of satellite anaerobic lipophilic microbiota

Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> drug resistance in TB children

Background. Russian Federation is included in the list of 30 countries with the highest burden of tuberculosis, including MDR tuberculosis. The most important part of this problem is the primary MDR/XDR TB in children.The aim: a comparative analysis of the phenotypic and genotypic profile of drug resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATP) according to whole genome sequencing of M. tuberculosis strains from children.Materials and methods. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) results of 61 M. tuberculosis isolates from children with tuberculosis in 2006–2020 in the Russian Federation were analyzed for anti-TB drug resistance mutations, according to the WHO catalog and were compared with the results of phenotypic drug sensitivity.Results. The M. tuberculosis belonged to two genetic groups: Beijing genotype – 82 % (50/61) dominant Central Asian Russian (31/50) and B0/W148 (16/50) subtypes, and non-Beijing (Ural, S, LAM) – 18 % (11/61). Three isolates belonged to Asian Ancestral subtype (3/50). Of the 61 isolates, only 14.7 % (9/61) were sensitive to antiTB drugs, 49.2 % (30/61) were MDR and 14.7 % (9/61) were pre-XDR. Comparison of the resistance profile (MDR/pre-XDR) with genotype revealed an upward shift for Beijing isolates, in particular Beijing B0/W148 (15/16) subline compared to other Beijing (19/34) (Chi-square with Yates correction = 5.535; p &lt; 0.05) and nonBeijing (5/12) (Chi-square with Yates correction = 6.741; p &lt; 0.05) subtypes. Discrepancies between genotypic and phenotypic drug resistance profiles were found in 11.5 % (7/61) of cases.Conclusions. Based on the analysis of WGS data, the genotypic characteristics of M. tuberculosis and the most complete set of drug resistance mutations were obtained, indicating a significant prevalence in MDR and pre-XDR TB of cases caused by epidemic subtypes of Beijing (B0/W148 and Central Asian Russian). The molecular mechanisms of adaptation of M. tuberculosis to the treatment of anti-TB drugs are not unique for the child population but reflect the general processes of the spread of MDR/XDR in Russia

Viral Load in COVID-19: Underestimated Clinical and Epidemiological Marker

Background. The viral load of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the new coronavirus infection, is becoming increasingly important in clinical and epidemiological contexts. Despite this, there are significant complexities in the implementation of viral load quantitative measurement into clinical practice due to the limited approaches to its assessment.The aim of this work was to develop an approach for SARS-CoV-2 viral load analysis by the value of sample threshold cycles (Ct) relative to the Ct of the internal control sample obtained in routine PCR diagnostics of the COVID-19, and to use this approach for quantitative monitoring of viral load in patients with first positive SARS-CoV-2 test from the Irkutsk region.Materials and methods. Using regression models based on the least squares method, an approach to determine the number of copies of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 1 ml of nasopharyngeal secretion was developed. The viral load of SARS-CoV-2 was assessed in nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal samples obtained from 1370 patients from Irkutsk and Angarsk with primary diagnosed positive PCR result in the period from July 1 to November 10, 2020.Results. A tenfold increase in the average monthly viral load among patients in September-October 2020 was revealed. We assume that the change in the epidemiological pattern of the spread of the new coronavirus infection during this period is associated with an increase in the number of contacts in the population due to the school year beginning. Higher viral loads are observed in populations at risk for COVID-19 – among healthcare workers and adults/elderly patients. Conclusion. The development of a standardized quantification of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the nasopharyngeal samples can be a predictive clinical marker and a reliable tool for improving COVID-19 surveillance using the proposed approach to assess average viral load in a local population

High prevalence of genotype B0/W148 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among HIV-TB patients in Perm Krai and Irkutsk Region

Background. The population with HIV-infection plays significant role in ongoing tuberculosis pandemic. Immunosuppression due to HIV-infection is one of the causes of TB disseminated forms in this group of people. Having low immune status is also often associated with a polyclonal M. tuberculosis infection. Aim of the research: comparative assessment of epidemic genotypes of M. tuberculosis prevalence and mixed genotypes identification within HlV-TB co-infected patients in two Russian regions. Materials and methods. The DNAs of 78 clinical isolates from Irkutsk Region (IR) and 64 strains from Perm Krai (PK) have been genotyped by MIRU VNTR 24 and RD105/RD207. Strains were obtained from patients who did not have significant age and sex differences. In the PK age of the patients was 34.5 ± 0.9, in IR - 34.4 ± 1.5 years. The samples were obtained from 67.2 and 65.4 % of men, respectively. Result. The study of the M. tuberculosis indicates significant predominance of Beijing genotype strains in patients with TB-HIV of PK (92.2 %) compared to the IR (59.5 %) (х2 = 18.0; p < 0.01). The prevalence of MDR pathogens in TB-HIV patients exceeded 50 %. The mixed genotype detection in the PK and IR was high (14.1 and 12.7 % respectively). The level of virulent strains B0/W148 was 34.4 % in PK patients and 25.3 % in IR ones. Analysis of the results suggests the epidemic spread of MDR-TB in the immunocompromised individuals. Conclusions: The identified trends may indicate that Perm Kray have a process of active dissemination of transmissible strains of M. tuberculosis within HIV-infected population

Ways of solving and modern view of tactics for acute diseases of scrotum organs in children

To date, there is no consensus on tactics for acute diseases of the scrotum in children. Acute diseases of the testis, epididymis and spermatic cord in children are one of the most dangerous situations for a male child. The pool of all acute diseases of the scrotum in a single term, acute diseases of the scrotum organs (ADSO), is explained by the similarity of their clinical picture during the first 6-12 hours and the difficulty of differential diagnosis. The purpose of the work is to analyze the treatment and diagnostic tactics for acute diseases of the scrotum in boys and adolescents in the clinic of pediatric surgery in a major metropolis. In retrospect, 716 clinical charts of boys and adolescents with ADSO who were treated in the children's surgical department No. 1 of Children's Clinical Hospital No. 9 in Yekaterinburg from 2016 to 2018 at the age of 6 months to 17 years were studied. The structure of ADSO nosologies is typical: torsion of Morgagni hydatides — 72.5%, testicular torsion — 14.4%, orthoepididymitis — 8%, allergic scrotal edema — 3.2%, scrotal organ damage (closed wounds, rhegma) — 1.9%. A complete clinical sonographic examination is the basis of differential diagnosis, which was carried out in a sequence justified by the risk of reproductive health loss. Conservative and surgical treatment of ADSO requires sonographic monitoring, which is performed for all children in the near and distant period and allows timely detection of hypo - and atrophic changes in the testicle.До настоящего времени не существует единого мнения относительно тактики при острых заболеваниях органов мошонки у детей. Острые заболевания яичка, придатка и семенного канатика представляют собой одну из самых опасных ситуаций для ребенка мужского пола. Объединение всех острых заболеваний органов мошонки единым термином ОЗОМ объясняется схожестью их клинической картины в течение первых 6-12 часов и трудностью дифференциальной диагностики. Цель работы — анализ лечебно-диагностической тактики при острых заболеваниях органов мошонки у мальчиков и подростков в клинике детской хирургии крупного мегаполиса. Ретроспективно были изучены 716 историй болезни мальчиков и подростков с ОЗОМ в возрасте с 6 месяцев до 17 лет, находившихся на лечении в хирургическом отделении № 1 ДГКБ № 9 с 2016 по 2018 г. Структура нозологий ОЗОМ типична: перекрут гидатиды Морганьи — 72,5%, заворот яичка — 14,4%, орхоэпидидимит — 8%, аллергический отек мошонки — 3,2%, повреждения органов мошонки (разрывы, ушибы) — 1,9%. Полное клинико-сонографическое обследование является базисом дифференциальной диагностики, которую проводили в последовательности, обоснованной риском потери репродуктивного здоровья. Консервативное и оперативное лечение ОЗОМ требует сонографического мониторинга, что выполнено всем детям в ближайший и отдаленный период и позволяет своевременно выявить гипо- и атрофические изменения яичка

ФАКТОРЫ РИСКА ИШЕМИЧЕСКОЙ БОЛЕЗНИ СЕРДЦА СРЕДИ ГОРОДСКОГО И СЕЛЬСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ГОРНОЙ ШОРИИ

The purpose: To study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and their association with this disease among rural and urban indigenous of Gornaya Shoria.Material and methods. Clinical and epidemiological study of indigenous population of Gornaya Shoria (with a sample of 513 people, including 256 residents of Sheregesh (urban-type settlement) and 257 residents of Ust-Orton and Kabyrzy (hard to reach remote villages of Gornaya Shoria)). Medical experts in conditions of the expedition conducted examinations by standard methods (survey, collection of complaints, clinical examination) on the basis of rural medical stations and clinics. The characteristics of the blood lipid spectrum, blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism were investigated. Electrocardiograms were taken. The statistical analyses were performed using the program "STATISTICA 6.1".Results: It was found that risk factors such as overweight (29,61%), obesity (20,85%), abdominal obesity (45,92%) and hyperbetacholesterolemia (59,45%) more common among the urban population of Gornaya Shoria compared to the rural population (23,01%, 12,78%, 29,26% и 49,25%, соответственно). Smoking respondents was higher in the group of persons living in rural areas -41.76%, compared with urban residents - 30.82%. The risk of CHD was correlated with age and hypertension in both groups. The association of obesity and abdominal obesity with coronary artery disease among the urbanized population found. The risk of coronary disease was higher among shorians with impaired carbohydrate metabolism, living in rural areas.Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that urbanization affects at prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a natives population of Gornaya Shoria.Цель: Изучить распространенность факторов риска ИБС и их ассоциацию с данным заболеванием среди городского и сельского коренного населения Горной Шории.Материал и методы исследования: Проведено клинико-эпидемиологическое исследование коренного населения Горной Шории (выборка 513 человек, из них 256 человек – жители Шерегеша (поселок городского типа) и 257 человек – жители Ортона и Усть-Кабырзы (труднодоступные отдаленные поселки Горной Шории). Осмотры специалистов проходили в условиях экспедиции по стандартным методикам (анкетирование, сбор жалоб, клинический осмотр) на базе сельских фельдшерско-акушерских пунктов и поликлиники. Исследовался липидный спектр крови, артериальное давление, углеводный обмен. Проводилась запись ЭКГ. Статистическая обработка выполнялась с помощью программы «STATISTICA 6.1».Результаты: Установлено, что такие факторы риска, как избыточная масса тела (29,61%), ожирение (20,85%), абдоминальное ожирение (45,92%) и гипербетахолестеринемия (59,45%) чаще встречались среди городского населения Горной Шории по сравнению с сельским населением (23,01%, 12,78%, 29,26% и 49,25% соответственно). Курящих респондентов было больше в группе лиц, проживающих в сельской местности, – 41,76% по сравнению с городскими жителями – 30,82%. Риск развития ИБС коррелировал с возрастом и АГ в обеих группах. Выявлена ассоциация ожирения и абдоминального ожирения с ИБС среди урбанизированного населения. Риск коронарной патологии был выше у шорцев с нарушениями углеводного обмена, проживающих в сельской местности.Выводы: Таким образом, выявлено, что урбанизация влияет на распространенность факторов риска ИБС в популяции коренных жителей Горной Шории

Pathomorphological changes of urinary system in children with chronic obstructive pyelonephritis

Morphological changes in kidney of 67 children with chronic obstructive pyelonephritis were investigated. It was found that the abnormality of urodynamics, age of patient, intensity of inflammation and congenital dysplasia determine the morphological changes in kidney in children with chronic obstructive pyelonephritis. The main cause of the abnormality of urodynamics is hypoplasia or abnormal development of ureter smooth muscle under extensive development of connective tissue in muscular layer during embryogenesis.Изучен характер морфологических изменений в почках у 67 детей с хроническим обструктивным пиелонефритом (ХОП), в том числе у 44 мальчиков и 23 девочек. Морфологические изменения в почках при ХОП зависят от степени нарушения уродинамики, возраста больных, выраженности врожденных диспластических изменений степени активности воспалительного процесса. Основной причиной нарушения уродинамики является недоразвитие или неправильное развитие гладкомышечной ткани мочеточников на фоне избыточного развития в процессе эмбриогенеза соединительной ткани в мышечной оболочке