Effect of malathion on biochemical and physiological parameters in Glossogobius giuris (HAM)

The effect of sub-lethal concentrations (0.05 and 0.5ppm) of the organophosphorous pesticide, malathion on biochemical and enzyme activities in muscles of the freshwater gobiid fish, Glossogobius giuris, was studied for 24 and 96 hours of exposure. The following effects were examined; 1. Changes in the levels of protein and glycogen in cardiac muscle. The protein and glycogen contents were altered and decreased significantly in cardiac muscle after exposure to malathion. 2. Changes in the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in cardiac muscle. The results indicated that the LDH level was significantly elevated and SDH activity was suppressed in the muscle tissues after exposure to pesticide. The alterations produced were more significant at 96 hours of exposure than 24 hours. The decreased SDH activity indicated inhibition of SDH at mitochondrial level and LDH activity enhanced may be due to sub-lethal effect of malathion. © Enviromedia Printed in India. All rights reserved

Rabbit model for septic shock using bacterial strain isolated from patient with sepsis

BACKGROUND: Septic shock is the leading cause of non-coronary deaths in ICU. Not only in adults in neonates has it still remained the dominant killer. Still the exact pathophysiology of sepsis related death is not fully explored. AIM OF THE STUDY: To create an animal model of septic shock in rabbits using bacterial strains isolated from patients. OBJECTIVES: 1. To standardize the rabbit model of septic shock by injecting the correct concentration of bacterial strains isolated from patients. 2. To study the effect of Nor Adrenaline in the above septic shock induced rabbit. 3. To study the effect of Phentolamine in the above septic shock induced rabbit. METHOD: New Zealand white rabbits (NWR) were randomly selected from animal house with weight of around 2.5–3 kgs .The animals were anaesthetized with intramuscular injection of ketamine (35 mg per kg body weight) and xylazine (5 mg per kg body weight). ECG leads and respiratory belt were placed and connected to the CMC data acquisition system. The dorsal aspect of the ears were shaved, draped, painted and intravenous catheter was placed in situ. Maintenance dose of anaesthesia (ketamine 4ml+midazolam 6ml) was infused along with normal saline for fluid replacement at the rate of 4 ml/kg/hr. Central ear artery was cannulated and connected to a pressure transducer. The animals were observed for stabilization of the above vital parameters. Escherichia coli strain isolated from patients of septicaemia was reconstituted in 2ml of normal saline and injected intravenously into the rabbit. Changes in ECG wave rate, morphology and respiratory rate (increase/decrease) was noted. Intra-arterial blood pressure was monitored. (i) In the control group, a drop in blood pressure was expected due to onset of septic shock. The animals were monitored till death. Time duration, ◆ From injecting the bacterial culture to onset of hypotension was noted. ◆ From onset of hypotension to death was noted. (ii) In another group of animals, after the onset of hypotension, Nor Adrenaline was administered intravenously and the time duration to death was noted. (iii) In another group of animals immediately after injecting the bacterial strain Phentolamine was given intravenously, and the time duration to death was noted. RESULTS: ◆ Animals that received E.coli alone died within 136±22.19 minutes. ◆ Animals that received E.coli + NA - time to death was prolonged 354±58.67 minutes. ◆ Animals that received E Coli+ Phentolamine died earlier in 49.75±26.86 minutes. ◆ There was a combined Metabolic and Respiratory acidosis after E.coli. The metabolic acidosis was associated with significant Hyperchloremia, Anion Gap did not show a significant difference. Significant Hypernatremia was seen. ◆ Mean Arterial Pressure increased in the group that received E Coli + Noradrenaline compared to the group that received E Coli + Phentolamine. CONCLUSION: 1. Effective Rabbit model of Escherichia Coli septic shock is developed to study the pathophysiology of septic shock related deaths. 2. Response to known intervention were as expected a. Alpha agonist increases MAP thus delaying death in septic shock. b. Alpha antagonist along with the additive effect of Escherichia Coli hastened death in septic shock. 3. The model can be extended using other live strains of bacteria

Increased Levels of Serum Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Is Associated with Activated Peripheral Dendritic Cells in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects (CURES-99)

Background: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with growth factor–like properties for monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). In the present study, serum GM-CSF levels and the activation status of DCs were studied in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects. Methods: Study subjects were recruited from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study. Healthy controls (n = 45) and T2DM patients (n = 45) were included in the study. Serum levels of GM-CSF, interleukin-1b, interleukin- 6, and tumor necrosis factor-a were measured. Enumeration of circulating DCs (myeloid [m] and plasmocytoid [p]) and its surface antigen expression were quantified by flow cytometry. Results: The serum GM-CSF levels were significantly higher among diabetes subjects compared with subjects without diabetes and showed a positive correlation with glycated hemoglobin (r = 0.208, P = 0.018). The serum GM-CSF levels were lower in subjects on combined insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) treatment (1.09 pg/mL) compared with those taking OHA alone (1.9 pg/mL). The increased GM-CSF levels were associated with the activated phenotype of mDCs and pDCs, as determined by up-regulation of the lineage markers. Conclusion: The activated state of mDCs and pDCs seen among diabetes subjects might be due to the increased levels of GM-CSF and other pro-inflammatory cytokines

(E)-2-({2-[(E)-(Hy­droxy­imino)­meth­yl]phen­oxy}meth­yl)-3-p-tolyl­acrylonitrile

In the title compound, C18H16N2O2, the hy­droxy­ethanimine group is essentially coplanar with the ring to which it is attached (C—C—N—O torsion angle = −176.9°). Mol­ecules are linked into cyclic centrosymmetric R 2 2(6) dimers via O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds

Methyl (E)-2-({2-[(E)-(hy­droxy­imino)­meth­yl]phen­oxy}meth­yl)-3-phenyl­acrylate

In the title compound, C18H17NO4, the hy­droxy­ethanimine group is essentially coplanar with the ring to which it is attached [C—C—N—O torsion angle = 179.94 (14)°]. The mol­ecules are linked into cyclic centrosymmetric R 2 2(6) dimers via O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and the crystal packing is further stabilized by C—H⋯O inter­actions

Effect of Filarial Infection on Serum Inflammatory and Atherogenic Biomarkers in Coronary Artery Disease (CURES-121)

Helminth infections can potentially confer protection against metabolic disorders, possibly through immunomodulation. In this study, the baseline prevalence of lymphatic filariasis (LF) among subjects without (N = 236) and with (N = 217) coronary artery disease (CAD) was examined as part of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES). The prevalence of LF was not significantly different between CAD− and CAD+ subjects. The LF antigen load and antibody levels indicated comparable levels of infection and exposure between the groups. Within the CAD group, LF+ and LF− subjects had no significant difference in the intimal medial thickness and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein values. However, LF infection was associated with augmented levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 among CAD+ subjects. The LF infection had no effect on serum adipocytokine profile. In conclusion, unlike type-2 diabetes, there is no association between the prevalence of LF and CAD and also no evidence of protective immunomodulation of LF infection on CAD in the Asian Indian population

Identification & differentiation of Mycobacterium avium & M. intracellulare by PCR- RFLP assay using the groES gene

Background & objectives: We report a new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay using mycobacterial groES as a target to identify Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare in clinical samples. Methods: The assay was standardized using M. avium and M. intracellulare standard strains obtained from ATCC and was tested with 45 M. avium-M. intracellulare complex (MAC) clinical isolates (Of which 31 were from HIV+ individuals). The standard and clinical strains were typed with HPLC based mycolic acid fingerprinting. Results: Three polymorphisms (BamHI, BstNI and HgaI) were identified for inter-species differentiation among standard strains; of which, only HgaI was found to be useful in clinical isolates. Of the 45 isolates, 25 were M. avium and 20 were M. intracelluare. MAC isolates, which could not be differentiated by HPLC analysis, were also typed by this method. Interpretation & conclusions: The use of mycobacterial groES as a PCR-RFLP target for M. avium and M. intracellulare is a simple and rapid method that can complement HPLC in their differentiation

(2E,4E)-Ethyl 5-(phenyl­sulfon­yl)penta-2,4-dienoate

In the title compound, C13H14O4S, both C=C double bonds adopt an E conformation. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into centrosymmetric R 2 2(14) dimers via pairs of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

3-[(Z)-Benzyl­idene]-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothia­zepin-4(5H)-one

In the title compound, C16H13NOS, the seven-membered ring adopts a distorted half-chair conformation. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains running along the b axis. The crystal packing is further stabilized by C—H⋯O inter­actions

Diethyl [(2-bromo­anilino)(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)meth­yl]phospho­nate

In the title compound, C26H27BrN3O3P, the central pyrazole ring forms a dihedral angle of 71.7 (2)° with the bromo­phenyl ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with R 2 2(10) ring motifs. Four C atoms of the 3-phenyl ring are disordered over two sets of sites [site occupancies = 0.745 (6) and 0.225 (6)]