Solubility Measurement, Modeling, and Thermodynamic Functions for para-Methoxyphenylacetic Acid in Pure and Mixed Organic and Aqueous Systems

The solubility of para-methoxyphenylacetic acid in different solvents is of critical significance for the design and optimization of its purification process via crystallization. The present study illustrates new solidliquid phase equilibrium data of para-methoxy phenyl acetic acid in water, acetonitrile, propan-2-ol, morpholine, toluene, anisole, and binary (propan-2-ol + water, propan-2-ol + toluene) mixed solvents using a static analytical method from 283.15 to 323.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The highest solubility of para-methoxyphenylacetic acid was observed in propan-2-ol and lowest in water, with the maximum solubility effect for propan-2-ol + toluene binary system obtained at 0.5001 solute-free mole fraction of propan-2-ol. The modified Apelblat equation, λh (Buchowski) equation, and nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model were used to correlate the experimental solubility data in pure solvents, whereas the binary solvent systems were modeled using the vant HoffJouybanAcree, ApelblatJouybanAcree, and NRTL models, among which the NRTL model exhibited better goodness of fit. Also, for insight into the molecular interactions in the solvent systems, the enthalpy of dissolution has been being evaluated

Career in dentistry: By choice or chance-reasons for choosing dentistry among the first-year dental students of a college in India

Objective: To determine the factors that lead to the choice of dentistry as an occupation among the first-year dental students in a private dental college in Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 100 first year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) students was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of total eight close-ended questions, which included demographic (age and gender) and career choice-related items. Data was collected, analyzed, and was represented as numbers and percentage. Results: The response rate was 100%. Majority of the students (80%) chose dentistry as a professional career as compared to the 20% who got in by chance. About 72% of them chose dentistry because of their interest, 13% because they were unable to procure a seat in medicine and 10% due to family influence. Majority of them (85%) had undergone career guidance courses in school and were told about various career options. On completion of their undergraduate course in dentistry, 73% preferred to pursue post-graduation and 23% desired to establish private practice. Conclusions: The first years of A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore have chosen dentistry as a professional career mostly due to their personal interest and influence of family and friends