Incidence of symptoms and fungal pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases in Czech vineyards: first example from a north-eastern European grape-growing region

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) are one of the most important constraints for grapevine and wine production worldwide. Most of the published studies on these diseases in Europe relate to the major vine growing regions mainly located in southern Europe. This is the first study of GTD incidence and associated fungal pathogens in Czech vineyards, as an example of the north-eastern European grape-growing region. Annual incidence of GTD symptoms in vineyards of cvs. ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ in three Czech locations was surveyed. On average, 3.7% of the ‘Chardonnay’ plants showed GTD symptoms and 0.7% suddenly collapsed each year. Within the ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vineyards, 10.1% of the plants showed GTD symptoms and 2.5% suddenly collapsed. Several fungal pathogens were associated with the suddenly collapsed grapevines, and the most frequent was Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (77% of analyzed grapevines), followed by Eutypa lata (62%), Diaporthe ampelina (31%), Botryosphaeria dothidea (15%) and Fomitiporia mediterranea (15%)

The detection of viruses and phytoplasmas in dwarfed shoots of grapevine varieties Aurelius and Neuburger

The survey of occurrence of six chosen virus pathogens and phytoplasmas complex was done on plants of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) which showed symptoms of short-shoot syndrom. The results of serological and molecular tests did not confirm either virus or phytoplasma infection as the main source of short-shoot syndrom. The presence of 6 viruses in samples taken from 45 affected plants of grapevine on 4 habitats. The highest occurrence of viruses was found out on habitat Moravská Nová Ves, where all taken samples were infected by Grapevine leafroll-associated virus GLRaV-1 (100 %). In 66 % of the samples taken from that habitat were detected mixed infection of Grapevine virus A and GLRaV-1. These 2 pathogens but were not detected in samples from affected plants from the other habitats or very sporadically – just in 2 plants. Another 4 virus pathogens were detected either sporadically (Grapevine fleck virus, Grapevine leafroll-assoc. virus GLRaV-3, Arabis mosaic virus) or not at all (Grapevine fanleaf virus). From 270 tests made to 6 viruses were only 20 positive, e. g. 7.4 %. It means that from 45 plants were 15 infected at least by 1 virus (33 %). The phytoplasmas complex was tested in 28 plants. The result was positive only in 1 plant, by another test the Potato stolbur phytoplasma was confirmed

Incidence of symptoms and fungal pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases in Czech vineyards: first example from a north-eastern European grape-growing region

Summary. Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) are one of the most important constraints for grapevine and wine production worldwide. Most of the published studies on these diseases in Europe relate to the major vine growing regions mainly located in southern Europe. This is the first study of GTD incidence and associated fungal pathogens in Czech vineyards, as an example of the north-eastern European grape-growing region. Annual incidence of GTD symptoms in vineyards of cvs. ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ in three Czech locations was surveyed. On average, 3.7% of the ‘Chardonnay’ plants showed GTD symptoms and 0.7% suddenly collapsed each year. Within the ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vineyards, 10.1% of the plants showed GTD symptoms and 2.5% suddenly collapsed. Several fungal pathogens were associated with the suddenly collapsed grapevines, and the most frequent was Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (77% of analyzed grapevines), followed by Eutypa lata (62%), Diaporthe ampelina (31%), Botryosphaeria dothidea (15%) and Fomitiporia mediterranea (15%)

The group of variants analysed by MSAP.

<p>The system used to identify individual variants in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126638#pone.0126638.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> is as follows: the cultivar abbreviation (MT = Müller Thurgau or R = Riesling) is followed by identification number of the cutting. Meaning of the suffixes: M-NI = maternal, non-infected plants; M-I = maternal, GFLV-infected plants; IV-NI = <i>in vitro</i> cultivated, non-infected plants; IV-I = <i>in vitro</i> cultivated, infected plants; TIV-NI = <i>in vitro</i> thermotherapy, non-infected plants; and TIV-HAI = <i>in vitro</i> thermotherapy, plants healed after GFLV infection. The notes “(1 year)” and “(8 weeks)” indicate the time interval elapsed since the transfer of plants from <i>in vitro</i> to non-sterile conditions.</p><p>The group of variants analysed by MSAP.</p

Comparison of average mutual epigenetic similarities between groups represented by individuals with the same attributes (time elapsed since exposure to stress and the nature of conditions during <i>in vitro</i> cultivation).

<p>The first column clearly shows a decreasing tendency of similarity of DNA methylation landscape, when compared with state in maternal plants. It is also noticeable that the most similar DNA methylation states for each group of variants were usually recorded when individuals from the same group were compared (i.e., values on the diagonal of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0126638#pone.0126638.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>).</p><p>Comparison of average mutual epigenetic similarities between groups represented by individuals with the same attributes (time elapsed since exposure to stress and the nature of conditions during <i>in vitro</i> cultivation).</p