Fighting for a Kingdom of God : The Role of Religion in the Ivorian Crisis

This paper analyzes the role of religion with regard to the violence experienced during the past 20 years in Côte d’Ivoire. It seeks to explain the differences in the level of violence over time by focusing on religion as an identity marker and as a social force that is mobilizable by religious and political actors. Religious identities were part of the growing in‐/ out‐group mechanism utilized in Côte d’Ivoire in the 1990s, while the political elites tried to politicize religion. In reaction to the violence and politicization, the religious elites founded an interreligious organization in the 1990s, and were successful in preventing a religious war

Cutting Bread or Cutting Throats? – Findings from a New Database on Religion, Violence and Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa

Despite the religious diversity in sub-Saharan Africa and the religious overtones in a number of African conflicts, social science research has inadequately addressed the question of how and to what extent religion matters for conflict in Africa. This paper presents an innovative data inventory on religion and violent conflict in all sub-Saharan countries for the period 1990–2008 that seeks to contribute to filling the gap. The data underscore that religion has to be accounted for in conflict in Africa. Moreover, results show the multidimensionality (e.g. armed conflicts with religious incompatibilities, several forms of non-state religious violence) and ambivalence (inter-religious networks, religious peace initiatives) of religion vis-à-vis violence. In 22 of the 48 sub-Saharan countries, religion plays a substantial role in violence, and six countries in particular—Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan and Uganda— are heavily affected by different religious aspects of violence.religion, sub-Saharan Africa, violence, peace, conflict

Do Religious Factors Impact Armed Conflict? Empirical Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

Theoretically, the “mobilization hypothesis” establishes a link between religion and conflict by arguing that religious structures such as overlapping ethnic and religious identities are prone to mobilization; once politicized, escalation to violent conflict becomes likelier. Yet, despite the religious diversity in sub-Saharan Africa and the religious overtones in a number of African armed conflicts, this assumption has not yet been backed by systematic empirical research on the religion–conflict nexus in the region. The following questions thus remain: Do religious factors significantly impact the onset of (religious) armed conflict? If so, do they follow the logic of the mobilization hypothesis and, if yes, in which way? To answer these questions, this paper draws on a unique data inventory of all sub-Saharan countries for the period 1990–2008, particularly including data on mobilization-prone religious structures (e.g. demographic changes, parallel ethno-religious identities) as well as religious factors indicating actual politicization of religion (e.g. inter-religious tensions, religious discrimination, incitement by religious leaders). Based on logit regressions, results suggest that religion indeed plays a significant role in African armed conflicts. The findings are compatible with the mobilization hypothesis: Overlaps of religious and ethnic identities and religious dominance are conflict-prone; religious polarization is conflict-prone only if combined with religious discrimination and religious tensions.Armed conflict, religion, sub-Saharan Africa, mobilization

Kriegsursache oder Friedensressource? Religion in afrikanischen Gewaltkonflikten

"Ende November 2008 kamen im nigerianischen Jos bei Unruhen zwischen Christen und Muslimen etwa 400 Menschen ums Leben; Ende Februar 2009 forderten weitere Zusammenstöße in Bauchi elf Todesopfer. Im Anschluss an die unerwartet blutige Orgie der Gewalt in Jos, die durch den umstrittenen Ausgang einer Local-Government-Wahl ausgelöst wurde, rief der Nigeria Inter-Religious Council zum friedlichen Zusammenleben von Menschen unterschiedlicher Religionszugehörigkeit auf. Die Unruhen in Jos zeigen exemplarisch, dass Religion im subsaharischen Afrika nicht nur bei der gewaltsamen Eskalation von Konflikten, sondern - was oft übersehen wird - dass sie auch bei den Anstrengungen eine Rolle spielt, Konflikte zu befrieden und einzudämmen. Mit Religion allein können gewaltsame Konflikte im subsaharischen Afrika (und anderswo) nicht erklärt werden. Gewaltkonflikte werden primär durch sozioökonomische und politische Faktoren verursacht. Jedoch kann Religion die Gewaltdynamik sowie die Intensität und die Dauer von Konflikten nachhaltig beeinflussen. Religion kann in Konflikten Legitimationsgrundlage für das Verhalten von Akteuren sein. Einerseits kann Gewalt durch religiöse Ideen gerechtfertigt werden, andererseits fördern religiöse Werte das Engagement für den Frieden. So werden in manchen Fällen Konflikte durch die Mobilisierung religiöser Identitäten verschärft, in anderen Fällen wirken interreligiöse Initiativen an der Entschärfung von Konflikten mit. Um belastbare Aussagen über die Rolle von Religion in Gewaltkonflikten im subsaharischen Afrika zu erlangen, sind noch zahlreiche Forschungsfragen zu beantworten: Dazu gehört vor allem, unter welchen konkreten allgemeinen Bedingungen und auf welche Weise religiöse Faktoren zu Eskalation oder Deeskalation beitragen. Erst das Wissen über diese Bedingungen wird ermöglichen, die eskalierende Wirkung religiöser Faktoren in Afrika und anderswo zu vermeiden und Religion als Friedensressource nutzbar zu machen." (Autorenreferat

Jointly successful? : measuring the effectiveness of religious peace activism on inter-religious violence

Under what conditions is religious peace activism effective? Infamous inter-religious violence in Nigeria, Indonesia or Syria reminds us of the difficulties of religious groups living peacefully together..

Buchbesprechung: Ulf Engel (Hrsg.), New Mediation Practices in African Conflicts (2012)

Review of the edited volume:Ulf Engel (ed.), New Mediation Practices in African Conflicts, Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-86583-703-5, 288 pagesBesprechung des Sammelbandes:Ulf Engel (Hrsg.), New Mediation Practices in African Conflicts, Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-86583-703-5, 288 Seite