Revêtements nanocomposites à haute teneur en solide cuits aux ultraviolets pour les couvre-planchers en bois

Les revêtements à haute teneur en solide cuits aux ultraviolets sont présentement utilisés par la très grande majorité des industries produisant des couvre-planchers en bois pré-vernis. Leurs propriétés mécaniques exceptionnelles, de même que leur vitesse de cuisson nettement plus élevée que celle des autres types de revêtements, expliquent leur grande popularité. Or, il est possible d’obtenir des propriétés mécaniques, entre autres, encore plus impressionnantes par l’addition de différents renforts. Dans ce projet, des oxydes métalliques nanométriques (oxyde d’aluminium et oxyde de zirconium) de même que des argiles modifiées avec des groupements organiques ont été ajoutés à une formulation acrylate typique de l’industrie des revêtements de couvre- planchers en bois. Les nanoparticules ont été ajoutées et dispersées dans cette formulation à l’aide de différents appareils de dispersion : mélangeur haute vitesse, moulin à billes (bead mill), moulin à balles (ball mill) et moulin trois rouleaux (three roll mill). Suite à la préparation des revêtements nanocomposites, la taille des particules dans la matrice polymère a été étudiée à l’aide de différents appareils. Pour les oxydes métalliques, la diffusion dynamique de la lumière a été utilisée. Pour ce qui est argiles, la diffraction des rayons X aux petits angles a quant à elle été employée. Dans les deux cas, nous avons eu recours à la microscopie électronique à transmission afin de supporter ces données. Quelques essais supplémentaires tels des mesures de stabilité et de viscosité sont aussi venus supporter les résultats obtenus. L’addition de nanoparticules affecte généralement la cuisson des revêtements UV. La spectroscopie infrarouge en temps réel (RT-FTIR) de même que la photo-calorimétrie (photo-DSC) ont été employées afin d’étudier les changements apportés à la cuisson suite à l’addition de nanoparticules. Finalement, les propriétés optiques (brillance, voile, couleur et clarté optique) et mécaniques (dureté, résistance à l’abrasion, résistance à l’égratignure, résistance à l’impact et à l’impact inverse) des différentes formulations ont été étudiées. Pour les formulations préparées à base d’argile, une analyse de variance (ANOVA) a été réalisée afin de vérifier si la concentration de l’argile de même que la façon dont celle-ci a été ajoutée à la formulation de base affectent les propriétés finales des revêtements.Radiation curable coatings are presently the standard in the wood flooring industry. Their great properties paired with their fast curing explain why they are now the most used coatings for prefinished wood flooring. Although important improvements can still be brought to these coatings. During the last years, nanoparticles have gained increasing interest in the thermoplastic industry. It could lead to similar results for the thermoset materials. In this project, metal oxides (alumina and zirconia) and clay nanoparticles were added in a typical UV acrylate formulation for wood flooring. This formulation was chosen mostly for its wear resistance, low yellowing and fast curing. Nanoparticles were added in the acrylate formulation by different techniques (high speed mixing, ball milling, bead milling and three roll milling). Then, particle size characterization was performed. Different techniques were employed according to the nanoparticles studied (metal oxides or clay). Microscopic experiments were also performed with an aim of supporting these results. Then, nanoparticles and coupling agents addition effects on curing (speed and percentage of curing) were studied by photo-calorimetry (photo-DSC) and real-time infrared spectroscopy (RT-FTIR). Mechanical properties (hardness, adhesion, scratch resistance, wear resistance, direct and reverse impact resistance) were evaluated. Optical properties (color, gloss, haze and optical clarity) were also assessed. For clay-based coatings, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed in order to determine if clay loading and clay dispersion affect the mechanical and optical properties

Hardness of chemically densified Yellow birch in relation to wood density, polymer content and polymer properties

Density of wood can be increased by filling its porous structure with polymers. Such densification processes aim to increase hardness of wood and are particularly interesting for flooring applications. This study aims to evaluate efficiency of different polymers for chemical densification based on the polymer properties. Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) was chemically densified with seven monomer mixtures through acrylate monomer impregnation and electron beam in-situ polymerization. Chemical retention and polymer content of densified woods were recorded. Hardness of treated and untreated Yellow birch was measured and compared to hardness of Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril L.). All densified woods showed higher or comparable hardness to Jatoba. Hardness of densified wood was analyzed in relation to initial density of wood and polymer content of the material using multivariable linear mixed models. Efficiency of polymers for chemical densification was evaluated through effect of polymer content on hardness with interaction coefficients. Polymer films corresponding to monomer impregnating mixtures were prepared through low energy electron beam and characterized by their glass transition temperature, micro hardness, indentation modulus and crosslinking density. Polymers showed statistically significantly different efficiencies and were separated in two main groups. Overall, polymer efficiency increased with increasing glass transition temperature of polyacrylates

Interactions between a buffered amine oxide impregnation carrier and an acrylic resin, and their relationship with moisture

Wood used outdoor is subjected to different sources of degradation and should be protected properly. In this study, acrylic resins were added to a wood impregnation system using amine oxides and propiconazole, an organic fungicide, to create a two-part wood protection preservation treatment. Since amine oxides can diffuse readily into wood, this treatment protected both the surface and inner structure of the treated wood following a simple dipping. Many aspects of the treatment were studied: the adhesion of the acrylic coatings, their permeability to water, and the impregnation depth of the propiconazole. In each case, a particular attention was accorded to the interactions between the resins and the impregnation system. Adhesion and permeability tests were coupled with an artificial aging process simulating severely wet conditions. Amine oxides reduced the adhesion of the coatings but did not impair their aging properties. Because of their hydrophilic nature, they also increased the permeability to liquid water, although they did not affect the air moisture permeability. The penetration of the propiconazole, estimated with a dye, decreased with the resin. Overall, the two parts of the treatment lightly impaired each other, but the practical aspect of this treatment may overcome these disadvantages

Innovative polyelectrolyte treatment to flame-retard wood

Fire protection has been a major challenge in wood construction for many years, mainly due to the high flame spread risk associated with wood flooring. Wood fire-retardancy is framed by two main axes: coating and bulk impregnation. There is a growing need for economically and environmentally friendly alternatives. The study of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) for wood substrates is in its infancy, but PECs’ versatility and eco-friendly character are already recognized for fabric fire-retardancy fabrics. In this study, a new approach to PEC characterization is proposed. First, PECs, which consist of polyethyleneimine and sodium phytate, were chemically and thermally characterized to select the most promising systems. Then, yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) was surface-impregnated under reduced pressure with the two PECs identified as the best options. Overall, wood fire-retardancy was improved with a low weight gain of 2 wt.% without increasing water uptake

Impact of a reinforcement treatment with acrylate impregnation on the mechanical behavior of black spruce as connector member.

As a previous study has shown, it is possible to increase by 50% the dowel bearing strength of black spruce with an acrylate formulation applied by impregnation. Three diameters of bolts and two orientations of loading were included in this study. The effect of treatment on the dowel-bearing strength appeared to increase while the diameter of bolt decreased. The orientation of loading was significant as the treatment had a major impact in the parallel to grain direction and no impact in the perpendicular direction. With the digital image correlation analysis, an expanded strain field perpendicular to the load direction was observed. The superior embedding capacity would help to reduce the dimensions of the timbers as well as the number of connections required in the building design. With an increase of ductility, wood connections show a safer yielding behavior

Fire performance of intumescent waterborne coatings with encapsulated APP for wood constructions

Abstract: In this work, intumescent coatings were prepared for protection of wood from fire. The fire-retardant chemical ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is known to have poor resistance to water and high humidity as it is hygroscopic in nature. To improve the water resistance, durability and fire resistance of the intumescent coating, APP was modified using a hybrid organic-inorganic polysiloxane encapsulation shell prepared by the sol–gel method. The physical and chemical properties of the intumescent mix containing microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (EAPP) particles were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water absorption, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The EAPP mix showed 50% reduction in water absorption, 75% reduction in water vapor sorption and increased thermal stability when compared to the APP mix. The intumescent coatings were applied on wood samples, and their fire performance was evaluated using a cone calorimeter test. The intumescent coatings containing EAPP mix showed better fire retarding properties with longer time to ignition, lower heat release rate and shorter heat release peak when compared to the coating without EAPP mix. The prepared intumescent coating shows higher resistance to water and moisture, and it has great potential to be used in bio-based construction industry for enhancing the fire resistance of wood

UV-LED curing efficiency of wood coatings

Ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) have attracted great interest in recent years. They can be used to polymerize coatings, such as those used for prefinished wood flooring. In this project, two lamps were compared for their suitability to be used on a wood flooring finishing line: a UV-microwave and a UV-LED lamp. Low heat emission was found for the UV-LED lamp compared to the UV-microwave one. This study also reveals that the 4 W/cm2 UV-LED lamp used is not powerful enough to cure UV high solids acrylate coatings while satisfactory results can be obtained for UV water-based formulations. In fact, conversion percentages were found to be low for the high solids coatings, leaving the coatings tacky. Higher conversion percentages were obtained for the UV water-based formulations. As a result, mass loss, hardness, and scratch resistance found for the samples cured by UV-LED were closed to the ones found for the samples cured using the UV microwave lamp

Self-healing UV curable acrylate coatings for wood finishing system, part 1: impact of the formulation on self-healing efficiency

ABSTRACT: In the wood flooring sector, good surface mechanical properties, such as abrasion and scratch resistance, are prerequisite. Surface wood protection is provided by finishing systems. Despite coating improvement, scratches formation on wood flooring is unavoidable. A new approach to increase service life is to confer the self-healing property to the finishing system. The most common coatings used for prefinished wood flooring are acrylate UV curable 100% solids coatings. They usually have good mechanical properties and high cross-linking density. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate an intrinsic self-healing formulation, which is applicable to wood flooring. For this purpose, acrylate formulations were developed with monomers and oligomers carrying hydroxyl groups. To meet the requirements of wood application, hardness, and polymerization conversion of coatings were evaluated. König pendulum damping tests provide information on coating hardness and flexibility. Results around 80 oscillations is acceptable for UV curable wood sealer. The chemical composition was studied by FT-IR spectroscopy while dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed to determine glass transition temperature and cross-linking density. The self-healing behavior was evaluated by gloss and scratch depth measurements. The formulation’s composition impacted the hydrogen binding quantity, the conversion, the Tg and the cross-linking density. The (hydroxyethyl)methacrylate (HEMA) monomer provided self-healing and acrylated allophanate oligomer allowed self-healing and cross-linking. This study demonstrated that it is possible to combine high cross-linking density and self-healing property, using components with low steric hindrance

Surface engineering of wood substrates to impart barrier properties: a photochemical approach

In this study, sugar maple and white pine, two species of wood commonly used in indoor and outdoor applications, were treated by photo-initiated chemical vapor deposition to impart barrier properties. After treatment, wood wettability decreased significantly, as evidenced by water contact angle measurements (from 50° to 113° for sugar maple and 87° to 172° for white pine). Further, beyond being able to repel water, the coating shows the ability to breathe, evidenced by standardized vapor sorption tests. However, accelerated weathering via ASTM G155 testing determined that the treatment could not protect the wood from photo-degradation, or retain its properties post-weathering. This treatment could therefore be best suited for wood pre-treatment in combination with other coatings

The multifactorial aspect of wood weathering : a review based on a holistic approach of wood degradation protected by clear coating.

Wood is an abundant and renewable natural resource. Its use is promoted as a way to reduce the carbon footprint in building construction. Wood structures are degraded by their environment due to weathering. This review is a meta-analysis of the main factors of degradation that belong to this phenomenon. The impact of irradiation, the role of water, oxygen, temperature, and colonization by fungi are explained. To protect against these factors, the use of coatings is the most common solution. Since currently the trend is to maintain the grain and the natural color of the wood, the use of transparent coatings is favored. This review presents the main technologies used in clear wood coatings. The durability of this protection against weathering is approached. The whole of knowledge gathered has made it possible to begin a discussion on the multifactorial aspect of wood weathering. Schemes were created to synthesize the synergistic and antagonistic effects between the degradation factors