Long Run Urban Change: Selected Results From A Simulation Framework

Series: IIR-Discussion Paper

Energy Use, Environmental Quality and Urban Population Change

Series: IIR-Discussion Paper

Environmental Quality And Urban Development: A Simulation Approach

Series: IIR-Discussion Paper

The Krupp Sponge Iron Process Production and Utilisation of Metallized Materials

Next to ore, fuel is the important factor governing the cost of producing primary iron. In the blast furnace process, coke with special meta-llurgical properties is the basic source of heat. Its production requires the availability of coking coal. The direct reduction processes, conducted in rotary kilns, permit, however, the use of non-coking bituminous coal & anthracite and are capable of being fired with gas or oil if this appears to be appropriate

Improving the intermediate- and high-temperature strength of L1₂-Co₃(Al,W) by Ni and Ta additions

The effects of Ni and Ta additions on the mechanical properties in the L1₂ compound Co₃(Al, W), the strengthening phase of Co-based superalloys, have been investigated by compression tests between room temperature and 1000 °C, in order to elucidate the effects of stability of the L1₂ phase on the mechanical properties. The additions of Ni and Ta, both of which are L1₂-stabilizers that increase the L1₂ solvus temperature, increase the yield strength at intermediate and high temperatures. The strength increase is shown to be more significant as the amount of additions of these elements and thereby the stability of the L1₂ phase increases. Two factors account for the strength increase at intermediate temperatures: The reduction of the onset temperature of yield stress anomaly (YSA-onset) due to the increased complex stacking fault (CSF) energy and the increase in both the base strength and the intensity of the yield stress anomaly associated with an increased anti-phase boundary (APB) energy on (111) planes. The strength increase at high temperatures, on the other hand, arises from the increase in the peak temperature due to the increased L1₂ solvus temperatures. The increased strength of the L1₂ phase due to a higher phase stability thus partly accounts for the improved creep strength of Co-based superalloys upon alloying with Ni and Ta

Improving the intermediate- and high-temperature strength of L12_{2}-Co3_{3}(Al,W) by Ni and Ta additions

The effects of Ni and Ta additions on the mechanical properties in the L1$_{2}$ compound Co$_{3}$(Al,W), the strengthening phase of Co-based superalloys, have been investigated by compression tests between room temperature and 1000 °C, in order to elucidate the effects of stability of the L1$_{2}$ phase on the mechanical properties. The additions of Ni and Ta, both of which are L1$_{2}$-stabilizers that increase the L1$_{2}$ solvus temperature, increase the yield strength at intermediate and high temperatures. The strength increase is shown to be more significant as the amount of additions of these elements and thereby the stability of the L1$_{2}$ phase increases. Two factors account for the strength increase at intermediate temperatures: The reduction of the onset temperature of yield stress anomaly (YSA-onset) due to the increased complex stacking fault (CSF) energy and the increase in both the base strength and the intensity of the yield stress anomaly associated with an increased anti-phase boundary (APB) energy on (111) planes. The strength increase at high temperatures, on the other hand, arises from the increase in the peak temperature due to the increased L1$_{2}$ solvus temperatures. The increased strength of the L1$_{2}$ phase due to a higher phase stability thus partly accounts for the improved creep strength of Co-based superalloys upon alloying with Ni and Ta

Die Anwendung niederfrequenten Ultraschalls in der Wundbehandlung

In einem von der Sächsischen Aufbaubank geförderten Verbundprojekt wird ein neuartiges Ultraschall-Behandlungsgerät entwickelt, das an der Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie des Krankenhauses Dresden- Friedrichstadt, einem Akademischen Lehrkrankenhaus der TU Dresden, im Rahmen einer klinischen Studie getestet wird. Durch die Messung peripherer topischer Durchblutungsparameter im Wundbereich unter dem Einfluss von niederfrequentem Ultraschall soll zur Objektivierung ablaufender Gewebeprozesse beigetragen werden. Das Ultraschall- Behandlungsgerät wurde gemeinsam vom Fraunhofer Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik Dresden, dem IMM Ingenieurbüro Mittweida sowie der Smart Material GmbH Dresden entwickeltWithin the framework of a cooperative project funded by Sächsische Aufbaubank, a new kind of ultrasound therapy system is under development and is being tested in clinical trials at the Department of Dermatology and Allergology at Dresden-Friedrichstadt Hospital, a university teaching hospital of Technische Universität Dresden. The measuring of peripheral topical parameters concerning blood circulation in wound areas under the influence of low-frequency ultrasound is expected to contribute to objectification of the relevant tissue processes. The ultrasound therapy system has been jointly developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, IMM Engineering Mittweida and Smart Material GmbH Dresden

Die Anwendung niederfrequenten Ultraschalls in der Wundbehandlung

In einem von der Sächsischen Aufbaubank geförderten Verbundprojekt wird ein neuartiges Ultraschall-Behandlungsgerät entwickelt, das an der Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie des Krankenhauses Dresden- Friedrichstadt, einem Akademischen Lehrkrankenhaus der TU Dresden, im Rahmen einer klinischen Studie getestet wird. Durch die Messung peripherer topischer Durchblutungsparameter im Wundbereich unter dem Einfluss von niederfrequentem Ultraschall soll zur Objektivierung ablaufender Gewebeprozesse beigetragen werden. Das Ultraschall- Behandlungsgerät wurde gemeinsam vom Fraunhofer Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik Dresden, dem IMM Ingenieurbüro Mittweida sowie der Smart Material GmbH Dresden entwickeltWithin the framework of a cooperative project funded by Sächsische Aufbaubank, a new kind of ultrasound therapy system is under development and is being tested in clinical trials at the Department of Dermatology and Allergology at Dresden-Friedrichstadt Hospital, a university teaching hospital of Technische Universität Dresden. The measuring of peripheral topical parameters concerning blood circulation in wound areas under the influence of low-frequency ultrasound is expected to contribute to objectification of the relevant tissue processes. The ultrasound therapy system has been jointly developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, IMM Engineering Mittweida and Smart Material GmbH Dresden

The Significance of the CC-Numerical Range and the Local CC-Numerical Range in Quantum Control and Quantum Information

This paper shows how C-numerical-range related new strucures may arise from practical problems in quantum control--and vice versa, how an understanding of these structures helps to tackle hot topics in quantum information. We start out with an overview on the role of C-numerical ranges in current research problems in quantum theory: the quantum mechanical task of maximising the projection of a point on the unitary orbit of an initial state onto a target state C relates to the C-numerical radius of A via maximising the trace function |\tr \{C^\dagger UAU^\dagger\}|. In quantum control of n qubits one may be interested (i) in having U\in SU(2^n) for the entire dynamics, or (ii) in restricting the dynamics to {\em local} operations on each qubit, i.e. to the n-fold tensor product SU(2)\otimes SU(2)\otimes >...\otimes SU(2). Interestingly, the latter then leads to a novel entity, the {\em local} C-numerical range W_{\rm loc}(C,A), whose intricate geometry is neither star-shaped nor simply connected in contrast to the conventional C-numerical range. This is shown in the accompanying paper (math-ph/0702005). We present novel applications of the C-numerical range in quantum control assisted by gradient flows on the local unitary group: (1) they serve as powerful tools for deciding whether a quantum interaction can be inverted in time (in a sense generalising Hahn's famous spin echo); (2) they allow for optimising witnesses of quantum entanglement. We conclude by relating the relative C-numerical range to problems of constrained quantum optimisation, for which we also give Lagrange-type gradient flow algorithms.Comment: update relating to math-ph/070200

Common Motifs in the Response of Cereal Primary Metabolism to Fungal Pathogens are not Based on Similar Transcriptional Reprogramming

During compatible interactions with their host plants, biotrophic plant–pathogens subvert host metabolism to ensure the sustained provision of nutrient assimilates by the colonized host cells. To investigate, whether common motifs can be revealed in the response of primary carbon and nitrogen metabolism toward colonization with biotrophic fungi in cereal leaves, we have conducted a combined metabolome and transcriptome study of three quite divergent pathosystems, the barley powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei), the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis, and the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola, the latter being a hemibiotroph that only exhibits an initial biotrophic phase during its establishment. Based on the analysis of 42 water-soluble metabolites, we were able to separate early biotrophic from late biotrophic interactions by hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis, irrespective of the plant host. Interestingly, the corresponding transcriptome dataset could not discriminate between these stages of biotrophy, irrespective, of whether transcript data for genes of central metabolism or the entire transcriptome dataset was used. Strong differences in the transcriptional regulation of photosynthesis, glycolysis, the TCA cycle, lipid biosynthesis, and cell wall metabolism were observed between the pathosystems. However, increased contents of Gln, Asn, and glucose as well as diminished contents of PEP and 3-PGA were common to early post-penetration stages of all interactions. On the transcriptional level, genes of the TCA cycle, nucleotide energy metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis exhibited consistent trends among the compared biotrophic interactions, identifying the requirement for metabolic energy and the rearrangement of amino acid pools as common transcriptional motifs during early biotrophy. Both metabolome and transcript data were employed to generate models of leaf primary metabolism during early biotrophy for the three investigated interactions