Role of Social Workers for Education Development at the Local Level in Nepal

Social work has been developed before the 19th century. It provides support through various organizations. The short meaning of social work is work done for society, which is different from personal work. One can support the entire nation through the family members of the larger community. In fact, social work is self-service in various human lives, behaviors, social groups, and functions. It includes sociology, anthropology, practical knowledge, management, population, education, geography, history, law, political science, and psychology. In the name of religion, people are adopting social service or social work in an unknown way. Social service is self-desire, and people do it for soul satisfaction. Social service should be selfless, but today selfish people have entered every field. It cannot be said that theory and practice are different things. Since 72.5% of respondents agree to social work on an individual basis, a group or community is involved in social service to address the social, economic, and psychological aspects of the concerned person or society. Otherwise, it can adversely affect the concerned individual, family, community, or entire society. An individual or an organization improves social services. This is a voluntary service. It leads to the development of society and the country. People do not expect anything in return from the public. It means work is dynamic and unique in helping individuals, families, groups, and communities. The primary goal of social services is to improve the overall well-being of society, especially for the most vulnerable populations.

Issues and Challenges of Implementing Fiscal Federalism Faced Under the Reform of A Federal State in Nepal

After entering the federalism of Nepal, there was a debate about how the budget transfer would be state and local governance for the development of works. In the early days, although the central government would manage the budget, more problems started to appear in the financial transfer process, according to the policy of gradually leaving the responsibility of all the work including infrastructure development and physical construction to the central government. It seems challenging to establish political commitment in the distribution of resources according to the division of powers in the federal system. Instead of transferring resources, the tendency to centralize resources and manage the work of other levels of government by themselves has not gone away. In the top leadership, the tendency to understand federalism as decentralization rather than division of state power between the levels of government prevails. The second challenge of fiscal federalism is the balance, clarity and inter-level cooperation between the levels of government in matters of taxation and revenue. The revenue source at the state level is very low. All levels of government have distributive allocations, high expansion of current expenditure and weak public fiscal accountability. It seems that the allocated efficiency and productivity of public expenditure should be improved. There is no hesitation to rationalize public expenditure by cutting unnecessary expenditure that does not contribute to public services and financial contribution. A balance is needed between the distribution of responsibilities and financial power. For the successful implementation of financial federalism, it is appropriate to give work responsibilities along with spending arrangements. Based on job responsibilities, it is necessary to arrange resources and develop the ability to perform accordingly. A healthy financial system is the backbone for the successful and proper implementation of federalism in any country. There is no choice but to emulate the federalism of Nepal, which is still a milk child, and move forward with the economic, social and cultural development of the country through a transparent, balanced and predictable financial federalism. For that, we should consider the national interest as the motto to prepare a suitable or implementable action plan and move forward

Role of the Nepali Army for Geo-Strategic Importance in the Past Four Centuries

The history of the Nepal army is brave and glorious in the context of the world military. They protect their own motherland and also making independence, integrity, sovereignty for the nation is its motto. The great campaign for the nation’s security, freedom and protection of the nation through movement is the main goal. It has made an incomparable contribution to the nation; war with the British-Nepal, Nepal-Tibet-China and World War also. It has been successfully achieved with skillful leadership of the military in the past four and half centuries. This paper is fully gathering important information of Nepal army for past to present now. It is getting to answer the question: What was the role of the army to protect the nation? What skill full tactics made to British war? Was Nepal’s army leading a symbolic role of national unity? Why is the Nepali army bravery in the world? All evidence is taken using analytical methods, briefly of the army’s history, role and geo-strategic importance, activities of historical expectation, skills used in different wars for national unity and integration. The army was organized in 1744 by the Gorkha state of Prithvi Narayan Shah and it was the first military structure in South Asian countries. The War of British-Nepal has been a proud history since 1814 and also written as golden words by the side of Britain to the Nepali army. It is very useful evidence for all Nepali people and from other countries of the world that the military will be bright in the future

Socio-Economic Status of Women on Tharu’s Community in Nepalese Society

Nepalese society has multi ethnic cultural variations so that the socio-economic status of Tharus’ communities has also poor for comparison of other communities. In Nepali society, women are also left behind. The condition of women in that community living within this structure is even more deplorable. It is very difficult to find a woman as a head of household in this community. Since the head of household makes all the decisions, so that most of the men are the head of household. Similarly, women are suffering from poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, illness and household activities in Nepal. The burning issues of women empowerment on national integration are to expose in economic development. It can help on household condition likewise decision making process is very poor in the whole of south Asia, especially in Nepal, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. The analysis focuses upon the status of women in terms of their socio-economic status, income pattern and household decision making power in comparison to their male counterparts. The economic contribution of Tharus’ women has poor and traditional. The condition of Woman has lead to family and decision making process has been also backwardness factors. They want easy to access fortheir health facility, education, social participation, income increase, confidence buildup of decision making and policy forming on human rights of family

Industrialization of Socialist-Oriented Economy Development in Nepal: Contribution, Possibility and Challenges of Private Sectors

The state produces goods and services to distribute to its citizens and its process is somehow related to social welfare. The government that has created an industry-friendly environment for the establishment of industries to provide goods at a price that people can afford. Investors are invested in the industry by making full use of resources and available materials to provide employment opportunities for industrialization in Nepalese economic development. Investors are not allowed to produce and distribute voluntary goods. The role of facilitator in production and distribution by fulfilling of basic criteria is prescribed by the socialist state. Socialism is believed in the advancement of the human race, the pursuit of equality among all human beings, the end of the system of exploitation of one human being by another, and the establishment of universal love between human beings. Although the government was instructed by the constitution to develop a socialist-oriented economy, the government could not achieve complete success. The policy of the state has to encourage private sector investment, due to inability that makes programs. Nepal has not able to move towards industrialization. If immediate steps could be taken to create an investment friendly environment in the industry to minimize the challenges of problems in the private sector, ample employment opportunities would be created. The government of Nepal has given priority to Indian imports and the policy of imposing higher customs duty on imports of raw materials than manufactured

Climate change impacts on developing countries – evidence from Sri Lanka

Climate Change, though a hot topic, is often viewed through the lens of catastrophic storms and wild-forest fires only. Kanesh Suresh, Clevo Wilson, Shunsuke Managi and Uttam Khanal instead present research evidence that focuses attention on the equally real issues of food security and poverty resulting from long-term impact of a changing climate, particularly in the developing world. Analysing data collected in a region of Sri Lanka, they highlight policy dimensions that, if ignored, have the potential to lead to largescale poverty and hunger, perhaps driving sizeable populations from their land and destabilising current socio-economic structures

Influence of payment modes on farmers’ contribution to climate change adaptation: understanding differences using a choice experiment in Nepal

Adaptation has become a key priority in dealing with the climate change issues. However, successful implementation of climate change adaptation entails substantial financial investment. This study examines differences in Nepalese farming households’ willingness to contribute to the implementation of adaptation programs across monetary and non-monetary modes of payments. To this end, we undertake discrete choice experiments with monetary payment and labor contribution as the payment vehicles. We find that farmers are interested in participating in and financially supporting the implementation of climate change adaptation initiatives that increase the availability of climate adaptive crop varieties, improve soil quality, expand irrigation and build farmers’ capacity in terms of climate adaptive farming. Factors influencing farmers’ participation in adaptation programs include age, income, access to extension services, size of land holdings, number of farm parcels, climate change perception and climate change experience. Furthermore, the findings reveal significant heterogeneity in the farmers’ preferences across three agro-ecological regions in Nepal. Our findings also strengthen the methodological validity of the results of the choice experiment, which indicated that farmers are willing to pay significantly more when asked to make a payment in terms of a labor contribution compared to a monetary payment for the implementation of adaptation programs. Overall, the findings of this study justify the relevance of implementing agricultural adaptation programs in rural areas of Nepal

Do climate change adaptation practices improve technical efficiency of smallholder farmers? Evidence from Nepal

This paper provides one of the first empirical studies that examine the impact of climate change adaptation practices on technical efficiency (TE) among smallholder farmers in Nepal. An adaptation index is used to explore the impact of farmers’ adaptation on TE using the stochastic frontier analysis framework. Data for six districts of Nepal representing all three agro-ecological regions (Terai, Hill and Mountain) were collected from a focus group discussion, a stakeholder workshop and a household survey. The survey shows that about 91% of the farming households have adopted at least one practice to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change. Empirical results reveal that adaptation is an important factor explaining efficiency differentials among farming households. Those adopting a greater number of adaptation practices on a larger scale are, on average, are found to be 13% more technically efficient than those adopting fewer practices on smaller scale. The empirical results also show that average TE is only 0.72, indicating that farming households in Nepal could further improve productive efficiency by 28%. Other important factors that explain variations in the productive efficiency across farming households include farmer’s education level, irrigation facilities, market access, and social capital such as farmer’s participations in relevant agricultural organizations and clubs

Autonomous adaptations to climate change and rice productivity: a case study of the Tanahun district, Nepal

A key issue arising from farmers’ climate change adaptation practices in agriculture is whether autonomous adaptations improve crop production and productivity. A comparison of crop productivity between farms employing autonomous adaptations and those not adopting provides an empirical means of resolving this question. This study assesses the climate change adaptation practices used by rice farmers in the Tanahun district of Nepal, their impact on rice productivity, and the factors that affect farmers’ decisions to adopt adaptation practices. Adaptation practices used by rice farmers include adjustment in timing of farm operations, selection of varieties, crop rotation, improved irrigation, and fertilizer management. Rice productivity was found to be significantly higher among adopting farmers compared to non-adopting farmers. The findings further suggest that age of the household head, family size, migration of family members outside their village, number of plots under rice cultivation, land holding, and farmers’ access to information on climate change all influence farmers’ adaptation decisions. This study provides empirical evidence indicating the need for policy makers to take into consideration autonomous adaptations when designing planned adaptations against likely impacts of climate change

Smallholder farmers’ adaptation to climate change and its potential contribution to UN’s sustainable development goals of zero hunger and no poverty

Climate change is likely to worsen poverty, and agriculture-dependent groups and poorest countries are at the greatest risk. Farmers’ have begun developing and implementing climate change adaptations. This study investigates the extent to which climate change adaptations by smallholder farmers have the potential to contribute to the UN’s sustainable development goals of no poverty (SDG 1) and zero hunger (SDG 2). To this end, the study measures the impact of such adaptations on food production using farm-level survey data from Nepal. We utilize a matching technique and stochastic production frontier model to examine the productivity and efficiency of farmers. Results reveal that the group of farmers adopting adaptations exhibit higher levels of productivity and technical efficiency in food production as compared to the non-adopters. It is evident from the results that policy makers should encourage farming households in climate change adaptations, which have the potential to enhance farmers’ productivity and efficiency in agriculture, thereby contributing to two of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of eradicating hunger and poverty (SDG’s target indicators 2.3)