A REVIEW ON CO-PROCESSED EXCIPIENTS: CURRENT AND FUTURE TREND OF EXCIPIENT TECHNOLOGY

There is no single-component excipient fulfills all the requisite performance to allow an active pharmaceutical ingredient to be formulated into a specific dosage form. Co-processed excipient has received much more attention in the formulation development of various dosage forms, specially for tablet preparation by direct compression method. The objective of this review is to discuss the emergence of co-processed excipients as a current and future trend of excipient technology in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Co-processing is a novel concept of combining two or more excipients that possess specific advantages that cannot be achieved using a physical admixture of the same combination of excipients. This review article discusses the advantages of co-processing, the need of co-processed excipient, general steps in developing co-processed excipient, limitation of co-processed excipient, technologies used in developing co-processing excipients, co-processed excipients in the literature, marketed products and future trends. With advantages offered by the upcoming newer combination of excipients and newer methods of co-processing, co-processed excipients are for sure going to gain attraction both from academia and pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, it opens the opportunity for development and use of single multifunctional excipient rather than multiple excipients in the formulation

Simulations of pilot-wave dynamics in a simple harmonic potential

We present the results of a numerical investigation of droplets walking in a harmonic potential on a vibrating fluid bath. The droplet's trajectory is described by an integro-differential equation, which is simulated numerically in various parameter regimes. We produce a regime diagram that summarizes the dependence of the walker's behavior on the system parameters for a droplet of fixed size. At relatively low vibrational forcing, a number of periodic and quasiperiodic trajectories emerge. In the limit of large vibrational forcing, the walker's trajectory becomes chaotic, but the resulting trajectories can be decomposed into portions of unstable quasiperiodic states.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant CMMI-1333242)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant DMS-1614043

PREDICTING THE VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE TO CARDIOVASCULAR AND NEUROENDOCRINE EFFECTS OF STRESS IN ADULT RATS THROUGH A NOVEL MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH

Chronic stress has been risk of cardiovascular disease and neuroendocrine illness in humans and animals. However, not all individuals are equally vulnerable to the negative effects of stress, and some may even exhibit resilience. Identifying biomarkers or other predictors of vulnerability and resilience could help to develop personalized prevention and treatment strategies. In this study, we aimed to predict vulnerability and resilience to stress-related health effects in adult rats using a novel machine learning approach. We exposed male rats to chronic stress or control conditions for six weeks and measured their cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses at baseline and at the end of the stress exposure. Rats were considered vulnerable if they exhibited large growth in heart rate and reaction of blood pressure to stress, and resilient if they did not show significant changes in these parameters. We then applied a novel machine learning algorithm to identify patterns in the data that could predict vulnerability or resilience. In this case, we employed a combination methods for selecting features using Support Vector Machine and classification algorithm Principal component Analysis to identify the most important predictors of vulnerability and resilience. We also compared the performance of the machine learning approach with traditional statistical methods, such as logistic regression and discriminant analysis. Our results suggest that heart rate variability were among the most important predictor of vulnerability and resilience to stress-related health effects in rats. Specifically, rats with lower heart rate variability and higher cortisol levels at baseline were more likely to be vulnerable to stress. Conversely, rats with greater concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines increased risk of becoming resilient to stress. The machine learning approach was more accurate in predicting vulnerability and resilience than traditional statistical methods, with an overall accuracy of 89%, respectively. Our study provides new insights into the complex interplay between stress and health, and highlights the potential of machine learning to improve our understanding of this relationship. The identification of biomarkers and predictors of vulnerability and resilience could lead to the development of personalized approaches to stress management and prevention of stress-related health conditions

Innovative biofilm inhibition and anti-microbial behavior of molybdenum sulfide nanostructures generated by microwave-assisted solvothermal route

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EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR MEDICATIONS TO TREAT SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS

The authors of this paper briefly review the pharmacotherapeutic experts who are currently available for the treatment of substance use disorders. The best tobacco cessation treatments use nicotine. The usage of naltrexone, acamprosate, and disulfiram can reduce alcohol consumption. Agonist medications, such as methadone and buprenorphine, are the most effective pharmacotherapies for sedative use disorders. The authors also review recent improvements in medicine for treating illnesses caused by other substances, such as energizer dependency. The job of prescription adherence and social medicines and the joining of conduct and pharmacotherapeutic intercessions are likewise examined. Patients were shown to employ feelings-based stress coping techniques more frequently than other methods in the Stress Coping Ways Scale assessment, which is consistent with other local studies. After rundown and assessment of Socrates study information when the treatment, such inclinations were seen - before the treatment not exactly 50% of the patients evaluated their compulsion as extremely serious, yet after the treatment the greater part of the patients thought that it is exceptionally serious

Effect of processing methods on xylitol-starch base co-processed adjuvant for orally disintegrating tablet application

Orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) is a friendly dosage form that requires no access to water and serves as a solution to non-compliance. There are many co-processed adjuvants available in the market. However, there is no single product possesses all the ideal characteristics such as good compressibility, fast disintegration and good palatability for ODT application. The aim of this research was to produce a xylitol-starch base co-processed adjuvant which is suitable for ODT application. Two processing methods namely wet granulation and freeze drying were used to compare the characteristics of co-processed adjuvant comprising of xylitol, starch and crospovidone XL-10 mixed at various ratios. The co-processed excipients were compressed into ODT and physically characterized for powder flow, particle size, hardness, thickness, weight, friability, in-vitro disintegration time and in-situ disintegration time, lubricant sensitivity, dilution potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis. Formulation F6 was selected as the optimum formulation due to the fastest in-vitro (135.33±11.52 s) and in-situ disintegration time (88.67±13.56s) among all the formulations (p<0.05). Increase in starch component decreases disintegration time of ODT. The powder flow fell under the category of fair flow. Generally, it was observed that freeze drying method produced smaller particle size granules compared to wet granulation method. ODT produced from freeze drying method had shorter disintegration time compared to ODT from wet granulation batch. In conclusion, a novel co-processed excipient comprised of xylitol, starch and crospovidone XL-10, produced using freeze drying method with fast disintegration time, good compressibility and palatability was developed and characterized. The co-processed excipient is suitable for ODT application

An enolato-bridged dinuclear Cu(II) complex with a coumarin-assisted precursor: a spectral, magnetic and biological study

Coumarin assisted dinuclear [Cu2(L)2(DMF)2] (1) shows weak ferromagnetic interaction and a geometric distortion occurs while lowering the temperature in EPR

Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

This online publication has been corrected. The corrected version first appeared at thelancet.com on September 28, 2023BACKGROUND : Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. METHODS : Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. FINDINGS : In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500–564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8–6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7–9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5–13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world’s highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1–79·5) in individuals aged 75–79 years. Total diabetes prevalence—especially among older adults—primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1–96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9–95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5–71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5–30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22–1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1–17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8–11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. INTERPRETATION : Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.http://www.thelancet.comam2024School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)SDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein

A trajectory equation for walking droplets : hydrodynamic pilot-wave theory

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mathematics, 2014.65Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 185-189).Yves Couder and coworkers have demonstrated that millimetric droplets walking on a vibrating fluid bath exhibit several features previously thought to be peculiar to the microscopic quantum realm, including single-particle diffraction, tunneling, quantized orbits, and wave-like statistics in a corral. We here develop an integro-differential trajectory equation for these walking droplets with a view to gaining insight into their subtle dynamics. The orbital quantization is rationalized by assessing the stability of the orbital solutions. The stability analysis also predicts the existence of wobbling orbital states reported in recent experiments, and the absence of stable orbits in the limit of large vibrational forcing. In this limit, the complex walker dynamics give rise to a coherent statistical behavior with wave-like features. We characterize the progression from quantized orbits to chaotic dynamics as the vibrational forcing is increased progressively. We then describe the dynamics of a weakly-accelerating walker in terms of its wave-induced added mass, which provides rationale for the anomalously large orbital radii observed in experiments.by Anand Uttam Oza.Ph. D