Trees, crops, and rural livelihoods: Afforestation of marginal croplands in Uzbekistan

The livelihoods of rural population in Uzbekistan, Central Asia, highly depend on irrigated agriculture. However, agricultural production is threatened by the impacts of land degradation, irrigation water scarcity and climate change. The conversion of marginal croplands to tree plantations could represent an option to tackle such problems, while also improving population welfare. Yet, this land use is currently not practiced, owing to lack of farmers’ knowledge on revenues and impacts on livelihoods. In addition, state policies prohibit the conversion of croplands into tree plantations. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate economically viable options of afforestation of degraded irrigated croplands using an example of the Khorezm region and three southern districts of the Autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan. This includes analyzing the impacts on the rural livelihoods by Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) afforestation with its carbon sequestration reward of temporary Certified Emission Reduction (tCER). Using an example of irrigated areas in Uzbekistan, this study contributes to the general knowledge of sustainable rural development via converting marginal lands from crop cultivation to tree plantations. This research employed various methodologies at different scales to evaluate the economic conditions of introducing short-rotation tree plantations along with the CDM requirements. At the field level analysis (1 ha), the net present value and stochastic dominance analyses were employed to investigate the financial attractiveness of afforestation on marginal croplands and to derive tCER payments that would initiate CDM afforestation. At the farm level, the expected utility method was employed to determine the tCER price that would facilitate CDM afforestation on marginal croplands, and to analyze respective effects on land use and farm incomes. At the system level, that comprises commercial farms and rural households, the farm-household stochastic dynamic nonlinear programming model was developed to analyze the effects on rural livelihoods from converting marginal farmlands to tree plantations The results of the study indicate that due to benefits from non-timber products the short-term afforestation can be a more viable land use option on marginal croplands than the cultivation of major crops. At the same time, using the field level analysis while considering variabilites in land use revenues would necessitate an extreme increase in tCER prices, from the current tCER price of 4.76 USD (as of 2009). In contrast, when considering uncertainties in land use returns at the whole farm level, the current tCER price would be sufficient to initiate CDM afforestation. This is because tree plantations would economically improve a commercial farmer’s cropping pattern, while mitigating the impacts of revenue risks via a land use diversification option. Afforestation of marginal croplands at a commercial farm would affect the structure of employment and agricultural contracts between commercial farm and rural households, and thus have positive spillover effects on the rural population and increase of rural households’ income by 27,400 USD in comparison to crop cultivation on marginal lands. The spillover effects would come from the reduced labor demand at commercial farm between the periods of tree plantation establishment and harvest, while the subsequent increase in farm employment would occur during the establishment and harvest of trees. The inclusion of fuelwood and tree foliage into the payment schemes would replace fossil fuels and fodder products and reduce rural households’ expenditure for domestic energy (36%) and fodder products (15%).Bäume, Getreide und ländlichen Existenzgrundlage: Aufforstung auf unproduktiven landwirtschaftlichen Flächen in Usbekistan Bewässerungslandwirtschaft stellt die Existenzgrundlage der ländlichen Bevölkerung in Usbekistan (Zentralasien) dar. Die landwirtschaftliche Produktion wird jedoch durch Bodendegradation, Wasserknappheit und die Folgen des Klimawandels bedroht. Die Umnutzung nicht produktiver Landwirtschaftsflächen zu Baumplantagen stellt eine Möglichkeit dar solchen Problemen zu begegnen und gleichzeitig die Gesamtwohlfahrt zu steigern. Da Erträge und Rückkopplungen dieser alternativen Nutzungsstrategien noch unklar sind, wird diese Landnutzung jedoch noch nicht praktiziert. Politische Richtlinien verbieten die Umnutzung von landwirtschaftlicher Produktionsfläche zu Baumplantagen ohnehin. Entsprechend sind die Ziele der vorliegenden Arbeit ökonomisch durchführbare Aufforstungsvarianten an Beispielen in der Region Khorezm sowie den drei südlichen Distrikten der autonomen Republik Karakalpakstan zu untersuchen. Dies beinhaltet die Analyse der Auswirkungen des Mechanismus für umweltverträgliche Entwicklung (Clean Development Mechanism–CDM) samt der temporären Emissionsreduktionseinheiten (temporary Certified Emission Reduction–tCER) auf die Existenzgrundlage der ländlichen Bevölkerung. Anhand des Beispiels der Bewässerungslandwirtschaft in Usbekistan trägt diese Studie zum generellen Verständnis nachhaltiger ländlicher Entwicklung durch Umnutzung nicht produktiver landwirtschaftlicher Flächen zu Baumplantagen bei. Auf verschiedenen Skalen wurden verschiedene Methoden angewandt um die ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen der Einführung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen unter Berücksichtigung der CDM Anforderungen zu analysieren. Auf Feldskala wurden die Kapitalwertmethode sowie die stochastische Dominanzanalyse angewandt um zu bestimmen, wie attraktiv besagte Aufforstungensstrategien aus finanzieller Sicht sind und um tCER Zahlungen abzuleiten, die Aufforstungen unter CDM anstoßen könnten. Auf Betriebsebene wurde die Erwartungsnutzen Methode andewandt um die tCER Preise zu bestimmen, die CDM Aufforstung ermöglichen würden sowie um die entsprechenden Effekte auf Landnutzung und Einkommen der Landwirte und Haushalte zu analysieren. Auf Systemebene, die landwirtschaftliche Großbetriebe sowie ländliche Haushalte beinhaltet, wurde das Stochastische Dynamische Betriebs-Haushalts Programmierungsmodell entwickelt um die Effekte der Aufforstung auf die ländlichen Existenzgrundlage zu analysieren.Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie lassen darauf schließen, dass kurzfristige Aufforstungsmaßnahmen durch Gewinne aus Nichtholzprodukten für den Landwirt mehr Einkommen generieren als der Anbau der gängigen Feldfrüchte. Gleichzeitig zeigt die Analyse auf Feldskala unter Berücksichtigung von Ertragsvariabilitäten, dass eine Erhöhung der tCER Preise vom momentanen Stand (4.76 USD im Jahr 2009) nötig wäre. Gegenläufig verhalten sich die Ergebnisse auf Betriebsebene; hier wären die angenommenen tCER Preise ausreichend um CDM Aufforstung zu initialisieren. Grund hierfür ist die Tatsache, dass Baumpflanzungen die Fruchtfolge von Großbetrieben ökonomisch verbessern würden und gleichzeitig das Umsatzrisiko durch die Möglichkeit zur Diversifikation herabsetzen. Aufforstung von unproduktiven Landwrtschaftsflächen auf Ebene der Großbetriebe hätte Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigungsstrukturen und die Vertragsverhältnisse zwischen Großbetrieben und der ländlichen Bevölkerung. Externe Effekte würden hier das Einkommen der ländlichen Haushalte im Vergleich zum Anbau klassischer Feldfrüchte um 27,400 USD erhöhen. Diese externen Effekte beruhen auf dem niedrigeren Bedarf an Arbeitskräften in Großbetrieben zwischen Pflanzung der Bäume und Rodung. Die Einführung von Brennholz und Blattwerk in die Vergütungsstruktur würde fossile Brennstoffe und Futterkäufe ersetzen und dadurch die Ausgaben der Haushalte für Energie (36%) und Futterzukäufe (15%) verringern

A generic model for analyzing nexus issues of households´ bioenergy use

Bioenergy is a major source of energy in developing countries. However, increasing demand for agricultural commodities can lead to a stronger competition for natural resources with the bioenergy production. The nexus among energy, food production and natural resource use may result in trade-offs and synergies. Accordingly, it is important to consider multidimensional aspects of bioenergy, assess the potential for bioenergy options for meeting rural households´ demand for energy, while increasing their incomes, enhancing food security and reducing potential negative effects. For addressing these interrelated issues within a single framework, we develop a generic household model that allows analyzing the ex-ante potential impacts of bioenergy use on rural households in developing countries. The model relies on dynamic programming approach and is able to evaluate the impacts of bioenergy on livelihoods of households, on environment, and on natural resource use over time. The model explicitly considers decision making among various members of household, including men, women and children. We also trace direct and spillover impacts of policy and technological changes among different socio-economic categories of households

A generic model for analyzing nexus issues of households’ bioenergy use

Bioenergy is a major source of energy in developing countries. However, increasing demand for agricultural commodities can lead to a stronger competition for natural resources with the bioenergy production. The nexus among energy, food production and natural resource use may result in trade-offs and synergies. Accordingly, it is important to consider multidimensional aspects of bioenergy, assess the potential for bioenergy options for meeting rural households’ demand for energy, while increasing their incomes, enhancing food security and reducing potential negative effects. For addressing these interrelated issues within a single framework, we develop a generic household model that allows analyzing the ex-ante potential impacts of bioenergy use on rural households in developing countries. The model relies on dynamic programming approach and is able to evaluate the impacts of bioenergy on livelihoods of households, on environment, and on natural resource use over time. The model explicitly considers decision making among various members of household, including men, women and children. We also trace direct and spillover impacts of policy and technological changes among different socio-economic categories of households

Anisotropic dynamics of a self-assembled colloidal chain in an active bath

Anisotropic macromolecules exposed to non-equilibrium (active) noise are very common in biological systems, and an accurate understanding of their anisotropic dynamics is therefore crucial. Here, we experimentally investigate the dynamics of isolated chains assembled from magnetic microparticles at a liquid-air interface and moving in an active bath consisting of motile E. coli bacteria. We investigate both the internal chain dynamics and the anisotropic center-of-mass dynamics through particle tracking. We find that both the internal and center-of-mass dynamics are greatly enhanced compared to the passive case, i.e., a system without bacteria, and that the center-of-mass diffusion coefficient $D$ features a non-monotonic dependence as a function of the chain length. Furthermore, our results show that the relationship between the components of $D$ parallel and perpendicular with respect to the direction of the applied magnetic field is preserved in the active bath compared to the passive case, with a higher diffusion in the parallel direction, in contrast to previous findings in the literature. We argue that this qualitative difference is due to subtle differences in the experimental geometry and conditions and the relative roles played by long-range hydrodynamic interactions and short-range collisions

Relaxation-based viscosity mapping for magnetic particle imaging

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) has been shown to provide remarkable contrast for imaging applications such as angiography, stem cell tracking, and cancer imaging. Recently, there is growing interest in the functional imaging capabilities of MPI, where 'color MPI' techniques have explored separating different nanoparticles, which could potentially be used to distinguish nanoparticles in different states or environments. Viscosity mapping is a promising functional imaging application for MPI, as increased viscosity levels in vivo have been associated with numerous diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cancer. In this work, we propose a viscosity mapping technique for MPI through the estimation of the relaxation time constant of the nanoparticles. Importantly, the proposed time constant estimation scheme does not require any prior information regarding the nanoparticles. We validate this method with extensive experiments in an in-house magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) setup at four different frequencies (between 250 Hz and 10.8 kHz) and at three different field strengths (between 5 mT and 15 mT) for viscosities ranging between 0.89 mPa • s-15.33 mPa • s. Our results demonstrate the viscosity mapping ability of MPI in the biologically relevant viscosity range. © 2017 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine

Biodiversity in rubber agroforests, carbon emissions, and rural livelihoods: An agent-based model of land-use dynamics in lowland Sumatra

AbstractRubber agroforests in the mostly deforested lowlands of Sumatra, Indonesia are threatened by conversion into monoculture rubber or oil palm plantations. We applied an agent-based model to explore the potential effectiveness of a payment for ecosystem services (PES) design through a biodiversity rich rubber eco-certification scheme. We integrated conditionality, where compliance with biodiversity performance indicators is prerequisite for awarding incentives. We compared a PES policy scenario to ‘business-as-usual’ and ‘subsidized land use change’ scenarios to explore potential trade-offs between ecosystem services delivery and rural income. Results indicated that a rubber agroforest eco-certification scheme could reduce carbon emissions and species loss better than alternative scenarios. However, the suggested premiums were too low to compete with income from other land uses. Nevertheless, integrating our understanding of household agent behavior through a spatially explicit and agent-specific assessment of the trade-offs can help refine the design of conservation initiatives such as PES

Single-shot pop-out 3D metrology of thin specimens with TEM

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging of thin, extended specimens at nanometer resolution is critical for applications in biology, materials science, advanced synthesis, and manufacturing. Many 3D imaging techniques are limited to surface features, or available only for selective cross-sections, or require a tilt series of a local region, hence making them unsuitable for rapid, non-sacrificial screening of extended objects, or investigating fast dynamics. Here we describe a coherent imaging technique that recovers the 3D volume of a thin specimen with only a single, non-tomographic, energy-filtered, bright-field transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image. This technique does not require physically fracturing or sectioning thin specimens, only needs a single brief exposures to electron doses of ~100 e {\AA}-2, and can be readily calibrated for many existing TEMs; thus it can be widely deployed for rapid 3D metrology that complements existing forms of metrology.Comment: 33 pages, 14 figure

Changes in the brain of the fetus during the screening study

In 160 fetuses the width of the transparent septum, lateral ventricles and IV ventricle prenatally during ultrasound examination were studied. Pregnant women were divided into two groups, the main group consisted of pregnant women in a state of hypothyroidism, the control group included women with uncomplicated pregnancy. The analysis of our data showed that in hypothyroid pregnant women there is an expansion of the cavity of the transparent septum, lateral ventricles and the anteroposterior size of the IV ventricle compared with the control group