Isolation and Identification of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) from Traditionally Fermented Milk “Nono” and Yoghurt in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

This study was to determine the presence of Staphylococcus aureus including the methicillin resistant strains in yoghurt and nono using bacteriological and molecular techniques. Out of 280 samples of yoghurt (140) and nono(140) collected from Kaduna, the overall prevalence of Staphylococcal species were 34(12.14%) . Twenty-nine (85.29%) were methicillin resistant by the Kirby-Baeur disk diffusion method. The 34 staphylococcal isolates were further subjected to Microbact 12S identification system and 9(3.21%) were confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus. All 9(100%) were identified as MRSA using the Kirby-Baeur disk diffusion. The overall prevalence of MRSA was (3.21%). The occurrence of Staphylococcus was higher in nono 24(17.14%) than in Yoghurt 10(7.14%) while prevalence of MRSA was 8 (5.71%) and 1(0.71%) in nono and yoghurt respectively. There was no statistical significant difference between the occurrence of these organisms and the locations (P˃0.05). All the isolates were resistant to more than one antibiotic but none resistant to all. The isolates showed over 90% resistance to beta lactams such as penicillin, methicillin and oxacillin. The least resistance was to cefixime 13 (38.23%) and 3(33.33%) by both  staphylococcal species and MRSA respectively. Resistance by the isolates was by a mec A independent mechanism. Six (66.67%) out of the 9 MRSA were positive for the penicillin – binding protein out of which 5(83.33%) were from nono and 1(16.67%) from yoghurt while 7(76.5%) were positive for betalactamase production out of which 6(85.71%) were from nono and 1(14.29%) from yoghurt. The findings of this study, suggest that nono and yoghurt maybe vehicles for diseases caused by MRSA. Food safety should be advocated by relevant agencies and hygiene among the producers and sellers should be encouraged and enforced. Keywords: MRSA, Nono, Staphylococci, Resistance

Investigating Covid- 19 and Prophylactive Measures to Contain Spread of the Disease

Covid-19 disease is a highly infectious and contagious disease and the outbreak has caused  high mortality and morbidity with rates of about 5% and 0.9% it is a global pandemic requiring immediate attention,some of the symptoms include Anemia ,dehydration,Emaciation,weakness ,pneumonitis and Death. The etiology is covid-19 ,the problem at the moment is the lack of cure for the disease.In this study five continents where of interest  and they include North and South America,Europe,Africa and Asia.Data was obtained from the internet from worldometer.info/coronavirus/country and cases from February to 15 december 2020 were considered and analysed statistically using analysis of variants to determine monthly incidence and prevalence,case fatality,morbidity ,mortality and population at risk.The reason for this survey is to establish ways to decrease the high morbidity and mortality rates , reduce the devastating economic impact of this disease and increase daily socialization among Humans and curb hunger and boredom that covid-19 has caused.More so the  it is a global pandemic needing urgent attention.In conclusion the morbidity and mortality where highest in the months of July and October and the population at risk are 95%-98%.Prophylactic measure to help alleviate the incidence of this disease include daily administration of  blood tonic and ascorbic acid in their daily recommended dosages pre-infection to enhance growth of tissues  and cellular epithelization and boost energy generation and build . Keywords: Anemia ,Mortality, Morbidity, Prophylaxis, Griscelli syndrome, Genome,Replicase-trypticase,MHC I and II, Lupus erythmatosus M and E proteins DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-4-05 Publication date: February 28th 2021

Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyx (Zobo) on the Growth Performance of Broilers (Obamarshal) Chickens

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is a leaf use to make a drink locally known as zobo. The seed is considered an excellent feed for chicken because of the presence of certain vitamins especially vitamin C which is known for its antioxidant property hence stimulating the immune system. Farmers are constantly seeking for cheaper and healthier means to improve the quality of meat and weight of broilers. Also cheap and readily available synthetic drugs including antibiotics that were used as growth promoters have been banned due to their side effect in both poultry and human health. Many attempts have been made locally by farmers to use natural plant as supplements for birds to replace synthetic antibiotics. There is also a significant lack of knowledge about the beneficial effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa in poultry. Although other supplements such as anise seed (pinpinell anisume )have been used to improve meat characteristics and carcass weight, there is a suggestion that calyxes of roselle (zobo) may be used as best alternative. The study aims to test the effect of feeding different level of “zobo” in drinking water on the growth performance of broilers.Fifty day old broilers were sourced and exposed to the same feeding, watering and other management conditions like vaccinations and treatment until they were 4 weeks old. They were then divided into groups of 10 and treated with different concentrations of roxelle calyx gotten from water and ethanol extraction. The groups were A1 (broiler chicks on 1g/4l water extract of roselle calyx), A2 (broiler chick on 1g/4L ethanol extract of roselle calyx), B1 (broiler chick on 2g/4L water extract of roselle calyx), B2 (broiler chick on 2g/4L ethanol extract of roselle calyx) and C which were the control (broilers on plain water). Rectal temperatures were taken every Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays in the mornings and evenings. Live weight, carcass weight, dislocated carcass weight, internal organs and feed intake were the response criteria used when broilers were 8 weeks old. The birds (A2) on Hibiscus sabdariffa had the highest weight gain and consumed the largest quantity of feed as compared to control. This was statistically significant (P˂0.05). It can be concluded from this study that roselle calyx (zobo) tends to enhance weight gain, feed consumption and conversion in broilers. Keywords: Roselle calyx, zobo, water extract, ethanol extract, weight gain

Bunga rampai sejarah lokal kerawanan sosial dalam perspektif sejarah

Tulisan yang dirangkum dalam buku ini berasal dari kumpulan hasil Lokakarya yang dilakukan oleh Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisi pada bulan November 2000 yang bertemakan "Sejarah Lokal: Kerawanan Sosial Dalam Perspektif Sejarah". Pada kesempatan itu ditampilkan 12 pemakalah yang membahas berbagai bentuk kekerasan/kerusuhan yang dilakukan oleh berbagai kelompok atau konflik yang terjadi di berberapa daerah seperti Aceh, Riau, Wamena, Banten, Banjar, Maluku dan Sumatera. ltu semua merupakan pelajaran yang berharga dalam menyikapi adanya perbedaan

Measurement of vector boson production cross sections and their ratios using pp collisions at √s = 13.6 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Abstract available from publisher's website

Searches for exclusive Higgs boson decays into D⁎γ and Z boson decays into D0γ and Ks0γ in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Searches for exclusive decays of the Higgs boson into D⁎γ and of the Z boson into D0γ and Ks0γ can probe flavour-violating Higgs boson and Z boson couplings to light quarks. Searches for these decays are performed with a pp collision data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 136.3 fb−1 collected at s=13TeV between 2016–2018 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. In the D⁎γ and D0γ channels, the observed (expected) 95% confidence-level upper limits on the respective branching fractions are B(H→D⁎γ)<1.0(1.2)×10−3, B(Z→D0γ)<4.0(3.4)×10−6, while the corresponding results in the Ks0γ channel are B(Z→Ks0γ)<3.1(3.0)×10−6

Beam-induced backgrounds measured in the ATLAS detector during local gas injection into the LHC beam vacuum

Inelastic beam-gas collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), within a few hundred metres of the ATLAS experiment, are known to give the dominant contribution to beam backgrounds. These are monitored by ATLAS with a dedicated Beam Conditions Monitor (BCM) and with the rate of fake jets in the calorimeters. These two methods are complementary since the BCM probes backgrounds just around the beam pipe while fake jets are observed at radii of up to several metres. In order to quantify the correlation between the residual gas density in the LHC beam vacuum and the experimental backgrounds recorded by ATLAS, several dedicated tests were performed during LHC Run 2. Local pressure bumps, with a gas density several orders of magnitude higher than during normal operation, were introduced at different locations. The changes of beam-related backgrounds, seen in ATLAS, are correlated with the local pressure variation. In addition the rates of beam-gas events are estimated from the pressure measurements and pressure bump profiles obtained from calculations. Using these rates, the efficiency of the ATLAS beam background monitors to detect beam-gas events is derived as a function of distance from the interaction point. These efficiencies and characteristic distributions of fake jets from the beam backgrounds are found to be in good agreement with results of beam-gas simulations performed with theFluka Monte Carlo programme