IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF GREWIA HETEROTRICHA MAST

Objective: To investigate the presence of phytochemical components and to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of pet. ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of Grewia heterotricha mast leaves.Methods: The leaves of Grewia heterotricha mast were dried and extracts were prepared using a pet. ether, chloroform, methanol by soxhlet extraction method. The aqueous extract was prepared using distilled water by cold extraction method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out on aqueous, methanol, chloroform and pet. either leaf extracts of the plant using standard qualitative procedures. The total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated using modified Folin-Ciocalteau method, tannin content by Folin-Denis method and total flavonoids by aluminum chloride method. In vitro, antioxidant activities were evaluated by 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, H2O2 scavenging activity and FRAP assay.Results: The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of complex bioactive constituents like phenols, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, coumarins, proteins and carbohydrates. Methanolic extract showed highest total phenolic content (87.58±2.52 mg CE/g) than aqueous extract (78.46±5.36 mg CE/g). Higher tannin content was found in the aqueous extract (148.0±8.96 mg TAE/g). Total flavonoids were highest in chloroform extract (314.9±25.06 mg QE/g) followed by aqueous (242.98±32.42 mg QE/g) and methanolic extract (217.0±18.32 mg QE/g) and lowest in a pet. ether extract (188.86±23.35 mg QE/g). The methanolic extract had shown very significant DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 98.95 µg/ml) and H2O2 scavenging activity (IC50110.1µg/ml) compared to the standard ascorbic acid. Higher reducing ability was observed in methanol extract (131.8±11.67 mg AE/g).Conclusion: The results obtained reveal that the leaves of Grewia heterotricha mast have potent antioxidant property. The observed activity may be associated with bioactive components like phenolics, flavonoids present in the leaf extracts and could have greater importance as therapeutic agents in oxidative stress-related degenerative diseases. Further studies are needed in order to purify bioactive compounds responsible for the antioxidant property

The importance of women's status for child nutrition in developing countries:

"Malnutrition affects one out of every three preschool-age children living in developing countries.This disturbing, yet preventable, state of affairs causes untold suffering and, given its wide scale, presents a major obstacle to the development process.Volumes have been written about the causes of child malnutrition and the means of reducing it. But the role of women's social status in determining their children's nutritional health has gone largely unnoticed until recently. This study explores the relationship between women's status and children's nutrition in three developing regions: South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)." from textChild welfare, Children Developing countries Nutrition, Women Social conditions, Gender, Health and nutrition,

Efficient Utilization of Node Energy by Detecting and Preventing Denial of Sleep Attack

A Wireless Sensor Network is a self-configuring network of small sensor nodes communicating among themselves using radio signals, and deployed in quantity to sense, monitor and understand the physical world. WSN provide a bridge between the real physical and virtual worlds.WSNs have a wide range of potential applications to industry, science, transportation, civil infrastructure, and security.WSNs are particularly exposed to several kinds of attacks. Due to energy constrained property in WSN, Denial-Of-Sleep attacks are recognized as a serious attack. Attack of this type exhaust the energy of sensor nodes and reduce the sensor lifetime within few days compared to other attacks on WSN. In this paper we propose a challenge and response method to detect denial of sleep attack for efficient utilization of node energy. Simulation reveals that our proposal is energy efficient and able to achieve significant performance in preventing network nodes from Denial-Of-Sleep attack

Equivalence between two-mode spin squeezed states and pure entangled states with equal spin

We prove that a pure entangled state of two subsystems with equal spin is equivalent to a two-mode spin-squeezed state under local operations except for a set of bipartite states with measure zero, and we provide a counterexample to the generalization of this result to two subsystems of unequal spin.Comment: 6 pages, no figure

Double-diffusive two-fluid flow in a slippery channel: A linear stability analysis

The effect of velocity slip at the walls on the linear stability characteristics of two-fluid three-layer channel flow (the equivalent core-annular configuration in case of pipe) is investigated in the presence of double diffusive (DD) phenomenon. The fluids are miscible and consist of two solute species having different rates of diffusion. The fluids are assumed to be of the same density, but varying viscosity, which depends on the concentration of the solute species. It is found that the flow stabilizes when the less viscous fluid is present in the region adjacent to the slippery channel walls in the single-component (SC) system but becomes unstable at low Reynolds numbers in the presence of DD effect. As the mixed region of the fluids moves towards the channel walls, a new unstable mode (DD mode), distinct from the Tollman Schlichting (TS) mode, arises at Reynolds numbers smaller than the critical Reynolds number for the TS mode. We also found that this mode becomes more prominent when the mixed layer overlaps with the critical layer. It is shown that the slip parameter has nonmonotonic effect on the stability characteristics in this system. Through energy budget analysis, the dual role of slip is explained. The effect of slip is influenced by the location of mixed layer, the log-mobility ratio of the faster diffusing scalar, diffusivity, and the ratio of diffusion coefficients of the two species. Increasing the value of the slip parameter delays the first occurrence of the DD-mode. It is possible to achieve stabilization or destabilization by controlling the various physical parameters in the flow system. In the present study, we suggest an effective and realistic way to control three-layer miscible channel flow with viscosity stratification

A Study on Impact of Dividend Policy on Initial Public Offering Price Performance

This study examines the impact of dividend policy on the performance of initial public offerings in India. The period of study is from the year 2011-2014. Monthly returns of the IPOs issued in the considered period and the Indian Stock Market Index (Nifty 50) were considered for the long-run performance study. The methodological tools used are long-run performance statistics and the GARCH model. The Dummy variable was used to measure the effect of dividends on the IPOs. The study reveals that the dividend policy has no significant effect on the stock prices of IPO.Comment: 7 PAGES 6 FIGURES 6 TABLES PUBLISHED IN Journal of Engineering and Applied Science

Study on correlation of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in Optical Coherence Tomography with visual outcome in optic neuritis

AIM OF THE STUDY: To correlate visual outcome in patients with optic neuritis in relation to changes in the form of RNFL thinning in OCT. Sample size: 25 patients. Place of study: Regional institute of ophthalmology, Government Ophthalmic Hospital, Chennai. Duration of Study: One year. METHODOLOGY: Patients reporting with Optic neuritis to the RIO-GOH were registered, evaluated with SD OCT-SLO and other parameters and managed primarily with ONTT regimen and followed up during the study period of one year. SUMMARY: We had done this study to correlate the with RNFL thickness with visual acuity of patients after an attack of optic neuritis. All patients who presented to our OPD with acute unilateral painful visual loss, colour desaturation and RAPD with fundus features suggestive of optic neuritis were treated with IV methyl prednisolone followed by oral prednisolone after investigations and neurologist opinion. OCT-SLO was done on all patients after disc edema stabilizes. The RNFL thickness measured and compared with the fellow eye. It is found that there is thinning of RNFL in all patients on affected side when compared to unaffected fellow eye. We also found that the thinning was more marked in those who improved less with treatment and in optic atrophy. Hence OCT can be used as a tool in patients with optic neuritis to quantify axonal loss after an attack of optic neuritis. CONCLUSION: There was thinning of RNFL (Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness) in all patients after an attack of optic neuritis and more thinning of RNFL was noted in patients who developed optic atrophy and in patients who gained less vision after treatment

Genetic Divergence in Guinea grass (\u3cem\u3ePanicum maximum\u3c/em\u3e Jacq.)

Guinea grass is ideal forage crop and grows well on a wide variety of soil and even under light shade of tree and bushes and can survive long dry spell and quick moving fires which does not harm underground root. In order to improve productivity, adaptability and quality of Guinea grass, it is important to understand the genetic diversity which exists in the population which also helps in their conservation and germplasm management (Tiwari and Chandra, 2010). The present study was undertaken to estimate the amount of diversity among 37 germplasm accessions (Panicum maximum Jacq.) and to identify diverse genotypes for breeding programmes for better yield and quality

Stereospecific synthesis of endo-6-aryl-2-oxobicyclo [3.3.1]nonanes

Two alternate synthetic routes to endo-6-aryl-2-oxobicyclo 3.3.1 nonan [3a-d] by sterespecific catalytic hydrogenetion of the easily accessible 6-arylbicyclo 3.3.1 nona-3,6-dien-2-ones [2a-d], and regioselective oomologation of endo-2-aryl-6-oxobicycle 3.2.1 octanes [4a-d] are described