Demonstrating through-life and NEC requirements for defence systems

There are two major transformations currently occurring that significantly impact acquisition and management of military systems. Network Enabled Capability (NEC) demands careful consideration of interoperability for delivered systems; new systems must be introduced such that they are interoperable with current systems and legacy systems must be managed (upgraded, modified etc.) such that interoperability is maintained and, preferably, enhanced. Eventually, NEC considerations should become ‘business as usual’, but for the time being special consideration is needed. The second transformation is the introduction of the concept of Through Life Capability Management (TLCM). Although new systems have always been planned with consideration of their maintenance etc., TLCM has a wider scope. It requires consideration not only of the individual systems’ life cycles, but of the management of the super system in which new systems will operate. The whole life costs, risks, and development must be considered by systems designers and owners. These transformations are linked; interoperability is a key requirement of TLCM. Through a concept mapping of TLCM, Yue & Henshaw (1) have shown that TLCM implies a need for new approaches (new thinking) in defence systems design and acquisition. Also TLCM requires the defence supply chain (industry) to have a changed engagement in the delivery and management of systems. This, in turn, requires changes to the industry-customer relationship, such that new approaches to collaboration are a vital ingredient necessary for adherence to TLCM principles. The NECTISE (Network Enabled Capability Through Innovative Systems Engineering: www.nectise.com) programme was a large academic-industry research programme (part sponsored by industry) to investigate the implications for systems engineering arising from NEC and TLCM considerations. The programme included ten UK universities, and industry technologists and systems engineers from land, sea, air, and C4I domains. NECTISE considered systems processes and approaches from all parts of the capability management process (planning, design, change, and realisation in military operations). A number of new tools and processes were developed and an important part of the programme was to demonstrate these in context and together. This demonstration was achieved through development of a scenario that considered the full systems acquisition and management process. By linking a set of vignettes with different timeframes it was possible to track an exemplar system through the planning to realisation and use stages. The scenario development drew heavily on the TTCP GUIDEx approach to defence experimentation; this enabled effective multi-disciplinary collaboration and integration of many different research threads. This paper will describe the scenario planning activity and outcome and illustrate the manner in which linked research outputs were integrated into a systems engineering demonstration. The importance of systems architecting, both to the demonstration and (more importantly) as a key underpinning skill for TLCM and NEC will be emphasised. The approach taken in this demonstration of research has implications for the approaches that should be taken for defence procurement decision making in a TLCM and NEC characterised acquisition environment. These are described and the implications of TLCM for decision making is also highlighted

The reuse of machining knowledge to improve designer awareness through the configuration of knowledge libraries in PLM

The nature of competition induces the need to constantly improve and perform better. For global aerospace manufacturers, this is as timely an epithet as ever as market forces urge for more growth, better financial return and market position. The macroeconomic aspect is compounded by the growth of product complexity and the need for higher product quality, hence the drive to reduce waste places emphasis upon production costs and the need to improve product performance. This paper focuses upon a rapid development and deployment method that enables the capture and representation of machining knowledge so that it may be shared and reused by design engineers to accelerate the design-make process. The study and mapping of information and knowledge relationships are described and put forward as a lightweight ontology. From this, a set of knowledge document templates were created to facilitate the capture, structuring and sharing of machining knowledge within a collaborative multidisciplinary aerospace engineering environment. An experimental pilot system has been developed to test and demonstrate that knowledge document templates can accelerate the sharing of machining knowledge within an industrial product lifecycle management environment. The results are discussed to provide a case for further development and application within the product domain

Managing innovation: a multidisciplinary scenario development approach

The UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) is focusing on and shifting toward a Network Enabled Capability (NEC) approach for improved military effect. This is being realised through the physical networking and coherent integration of existing and future resources including sensors, effectors, support services, and decision makers. This paper is a case study (for NEC) of how the development and use of scenarios for demonstrating academic research can aid and help manage innovation. It illustrates the development, use and application of a multiple stakeholder scenario within the NECTISE research programme that helped establish and exploit a collaborative multidisciplinary working environment and how it helped manage innovative academic research. Our experience suggests that this approach can support the engagement of multiple stakeholders with differing perceptions and priorities and will provide a scenario development strategy for improved research and innovation for many other large systems

Through life capability management: benefits and behaviours

Many commercial and social endeavours require a multitude of socio-technical systems to work together effectively in what has come to be known as systems of systems. The Through Life Capability Management (TLCM) construct, currently being embraced by defence departments across the globe, is one such endeavour. TLCM demands changes in the organisation and culture of the defence supply chain in ways that fly in the face of traditional commercial wisdom. This paper reports on two workshops held with TLCM stakeholders in which they identified, and then prioritised, the benefits that they sought from TLCM. From an agreed set of priority benefits, the groups identified the behaviours needed to realise them; the results point to significant challenges in terms of culture and knowledge management. Ergonomists and systems engineers will need to support development of intervention strategies to effect these required changes

Collaborative, academic-industry research approach for advancing systems engineering

In contrast to many technology-based research programmes on which industry and academia may collaborate, a programme in systems engineering – a discipline which is practitioner-focused – requires a different approach to enabling exploitation of research outputs. Those outputs tend to be process, approach and methodological in nature rather than specifically tools and technologies. The NECTISE* research programme is a multi-year, industrially-led research activity focused on developing the systems of systems (SoS) techniques required for Network Enabled Capability. The research consortium includes ten UK universities working in a multi- and cross-disciplinary manner to create more agile approaches to SoS Engineering. This paper will report the integration approaches taken in this research programme and the ways in which exploitation of the research may be achieved and demonstrated. NECTISE is composed of four topic groups investigating Systems Architectures, Through Life Systems Management, Decision Support, and Control and Monitoring, together with a number of cross-cutting themes. It has been driven by industry-derived requirements, and the industry-academic interface is enabled by the transformation of the requirements into a set of research questions. The formulation of such questions will be discussed. A major integrating activity is a set of four demonstrations that take place at regular intervals through the five-year programme. The TTCP** GUIDEx*** was found to be a helpful framework in which to integrate the various component researches for demonstration. The use of scenarios as a means of experimentation and demonstration is long-established; in NECTISE, a scenario approach is taken that embraces not only the military field of operation in which NEC is realised, but also the acquisition and support enterprise that delivers capability components to the military. In this paper, the development of the scenario, its use as a demonstration vehicle, and its role in integration across the research programme will be described, together with an assessment of the extent to which such an approach may aid exploitation of research outputs. Systems approaches have been both the focus of this research programme and the mechanisms through which it is being delivered. We shall assert that a systems approach can be a significant enabler of effective industry-academic collaborative research and we shall identify the important learning that has taken place in NECTISE in this regard. * Network Enabled Capability Through Innovative Systems Engineering ** The Technical Cooperation Program *** Guide for Understanding and Implementing Defense Experimentation (GUIDEx

Manufacturing knowledge reuse for product design

In today’s world there is ever increasing pressure to bring products to market in a quicker and more time-ly fashion that fulfill customers’ needs and are delivered on budget. One way to aid such acceleration of the design and development process is to effectively share and reuse manufacturing knowledge in an ef-fort to bring about product based interoperability. This paper reports upon the work being carried out in the SAMULET research programme that addresses such factors. It focuses upon (i) how the sources of in-formation and knowledge were recognized, (ii) the definition and categorisation of knowledge and (iii) the potential routes for the reuse of manufacturing knowledge. The research approach is currently being developed to help augment a supportive information and knowledge sharing environment and bring about a more integrated development process within a high tech aerospace company

A reference ontology approach to support global product-service production

The need to innovate and compete drives organisations to constantly seek new approaches to facilitate business and commerce. As market places become ever more globalised and digital economies grow, these organisations rely more heavily upon systems to design and deliver their products and services. Hence, when developing and operating a global production network the need for systems to interoperate between different domains and contexts within a global production network becomes paramount if organisations are to succeed. This paper puts forwards a reference ontology that has been developed to enable the interoperation of software tools involved in the global production of new product-services systems (PSS). It sets out the levels of the reference ontology, detailing closely the product-service aspects. This has been developed using a formal logic based approach. An example knowledge base has been created from industrial end user information with queries applied to this to provide a set of results showing the ability of the reference ontology

Through-life NEC scenario development

Scenarios are an important planning tool used by individuals, businesses and governments (especially in the military domain), but many of the currently used approaches focus solely on acute probabilistic timeframes and specific metricated instances of possible future states. Using a mixed method research methodology, we develop a scenario approach in which multiple timeframes are accommodated by fitting vignettes within each other to represent different time levels. This has the advantage of presenting the end-to-end process of capability development and instantiation. We describe the methodology employed to generate such a scenario as a demonstration aid for a large, multidisciplinary research program in systems of systems engineering. The process of scenario generation was an effective integration tool within this program (that included twelve distributed research groups). The resultant scenario enabled engagement of multiple stakeholders in an integrated demonstration of systems related research outputs. We recommend a new class of scenario (a “research scenario”) for incorporation within the standard classifications of scenario types

'Good engineering governance' - an issue for ergonomists

Engineering Governance can be summarised as two questions: 'Are we doing the right things?' and 'Are we doing those things right?'. It forms a part of Corporate Governance, and in the manufacturing domain it is the key to long-term survival amid changing commercial contexts. The paper will outline some of the ergonomics issues of importance in this topic; 'ownership' of goverrnance; implications for design, production and operation; and, perhaps most important for Ergonomists, the resulting implications for the design of jobs. These implications cover organisational discipline, the inclusion of suitable, 'effort-free' metrics in engineering processes, the allocation of responsibility and authority over resources, support for individuals, the need for trust and a culture of honesty and reliability, and the necessity for organisational follow-through

An ontology supported risk assessment approach for the intelligent configuration of supply networks

As progress towards globalisation continues, organisations seek ever better ways with which to configure and reconfigure their global production networks so as to better understand and be able to deal with risk. Such networks are complex arrangements of different organisations from potentially diverse and divergent domains and geographical locations. Moreover, greater focus is being put upon global production network systems and how these can be better coordinated, controlled and assessed for risk, so that they are flexible and competitive advantage can be gained from them within the market place. This paper puts forward a reference ontology to support risk assessment for product-service systems applied to the domain of global production networks. The aim behind this is to help accelerate the development of information systems by way of developing a common foundation to improve interoperability and the seamless exchange of information between systems and organisations. A formal common logic based approach has been used to develop the reference ontology, utilising end user information and knowledge from three separate industrial domains. Results are presented which illustrate the ability of the approach, together with areas for further work