The Dzierzgoń River’s history. Two thousand years of cultural, ethnic, political and administrative divisions

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1,2-Bis[1-(3-methyl­sulfanyl-1,2,4-triazin-5-yl)ethyl­idene]diazane

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C12H14N8S2, has an N—N gauche conformation. The triazine rings are nearly coplanar with respect to the imide bonds [C—C—C—N torsion angles = −15.3 (3) and −15.8 (3)°] and they are twisted by 77.88 (7)°. The overall conformation of the mol­ecule is stabilized by intra­molecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bonding. The mol­ecular packing is influenced by π–π inter­actions of the triazine systems with a shortest centroid–centroid separation of 3.5242 (12) Å

2-(3-Chloro-5,6-diphenyl-2,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-5-yl)-2-methyl­propane­nitrile

The title compound, C19H17ClN4, was obtained from the reaction of 3-chloro-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine with isobutyronitrile in the presence of lithium diisopropyl­amide as an unexpected product of covalent addition of isobutyronitrile carbanion to the C-5 atom of the 1,2,4-triazine ring. The 2,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine ring is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0059 Å) and the 5- and 6-phenyl substituents are inclined to its mean plane with dihedral angles of 89.97 (4) and 55.52 (5)°, respectively. Intra­molecular C—H⋯N inter­actions occur. In the crystal, mol­ecules related by a c-glide plane are linked into zigzag chains along [001] by N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds

5,6,7,8-Tetra­hydro­quinoline 1-oxide hemihydrate

In the title compound, C9H11NO·0.5H2O, the asymmetric unit contains two similar mol­ecules of 5,6,7,8-tetra­hydro­quinoline 1-oxide and one water mol­ecule. The water mol­ecule links the two O atoms of both independent N-oxides into dimers via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network along [101], which is additionally stabilized by weak C—H⋯O inter­molecular inter­actions. In each mol­ecule, the saturated six-membered rings exist in a conformation inter­mediate between a half-chair and sofa

Recommendations for wider adoption of clinical pharmacy in Central and Eastern Europe in order to optimise pharmacotherapy and improve patient outcomes

Clinical pharmacy as an area of practice, education and research started developing around the 1960s when pharmacists across the globe gradually identified the need to focus more on ensuring the appropriate use of medicines to improve patient outcomes rather than being engaged in manufacturing and supply. Since that time numerous studies have shown the positive impact of clinical pharmacy services (CPS). The need for wider adoption of CPS worldwide becomes urgent, as the global population ages, and the prevalence of polypharmacy as well as shortage of healthcare professionals is rising. At the same time, there is great pressure to provide both high-quality and cost-effective health services. All these challenges urgently require the adoption of a new paradigm of healthcare system architecture. One of the most appropriate answers to these challenges is to increase the utilization of the potential of highly educated and skilled professionals widely available in these countries, i.e., pharmacists, who are well positioned to prevent and manage drug-related problems together with ensuring safe and effective use of medications with further care relating to medication adherence. Unfortunately, CPS are still underdeveloped and underutilized in some parts of Europe, namely, in most of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. This paper reviews current situation of CPS development in CEE countries and the prospects for the future of CPS in that region

High risk of invasive fungal disease in children undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation or complex anticancer therapy: the adverse role of post-transplant CMV replication

Introduction: We analyzed the epidemiology and outcomes of treatment of invasive fungal disease (IFD) in children during anticancer therapy (PHO, pediatric hematology and oncology) or after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) over a period of eight consecutive years in a single-center study. Material and methods: Overall, a total of 254 HCTs were performed, and 415 children were newly diagnosed for malignancy. Incidence, epidemiology and outcome of IFD were analyzed. Results: The cumulative incidence of any IFD was 32.6% in allo-HCT, 22.2% in PHO, and 6.0% in auto-HCT patients. The incidence of proven +probable IFD was 12.6%, 10.4%, and 6.0%, respectively. As many as 77.0% HCT and 67.4% PHO of fungal episodes occurred in acute leukemia patients: the highest incidence of any IFD was observed for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (29.3% in HCT; 40.5% in PHO) and for acute myeloblastic leukemia (51.1% in HCT; 65.0% in PHO) patients. There were no significant differences in the incidence of fungal infections in both allo-HCT and PHO patients between the 2-year periods. Factors contributing to an increased risk of IFD in allo-HCT patients were: CMV replication, and acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Survival from IFD was 91.9% in PHO, and 78.1% in HCT patients. Fungal pneumonia in HCT patients resolved in 62.9%, while in PHO patients it resolved in 93.5%. Conclusions: The risk of IFD in allo-HCT patients is much higher than in auto-HSCT and PHO patients. The outcome of IFD is better in PHO and auto-HCT than in allo-HCT settings

The problems with Christianisation of the Early Piast state in the light of archaeological research

Christianization of the Early Piast state was a difficult and long process which gained momentum during the reign of Boleslav Chrobry. Archaeological evidence for this process includes syncretic behavior typical of periods of an enforced religious change

Dialog międzyreligijny w sztuce wczesnopiastowskiej

Nie ma źródeł historycznych ani świadectw archeologicznych czy numizmatycznych lub przedstawień artystycznych, które potwierdzałyby tradycyjną wizję szerokiej i skutecznej chrystianizacji całego kraju wkrótce po konwersji Mieszka I. Zatem, podobnie do współczesnego państewka zachodniosłowiańskich Obodrytów i do jedenastowiecznej Szwecji, chrześcijańska dynastia Piastów rządziła państwem zamieszkanym w przeważającej części przez pogan. Wydaje się, że pewne odzwierciedlenie konfrontacji ideologicznej jest dostrzegalne w symbolice artystycznej, w której można wskazać przykłady swoistego synkretyzmu, kiedy stare i nowe elementy konkurowały ze sobą i wchodziły w specyficzny dialog. Wykorzystywane w tym symbole nabierały nowych znaczeń czy choćby dwuznaczności. Znaleziska z ziem polskich mogą stanowić dobry przyczynek do takich rozważań.There are no historical sources, archaeological or numismatic evidence nor artistic performances to confirm the traditional vision of a broad and effective Christianization of the whole country shortly after the conversion of Mieszko I. Thus, similarly to Mieszko’s contemporary, the state of West Slavic Obotrites and eleventh-century Sweden, the Christian Piast dynasty ruled a country inhabited predominantly by pagans. It seems that a certain reflection of the ideological confrontation is visible in artistic symbolism, in which examples of a kind of syncretism can be pointed out, when old and new elements competed with each other and entered into a specific dialogue. Symbols used in them acquired new meanings or even ambiguities. Findings from Polish lands can be a good contribution to such deliberations

Centralne funkcje grodów w społeczeństwach wczesnośredniowiecznych

Early medieval strongholds had various functions – e.g. symbolic, geopolitical, political-administrative and administrative-fiscal. Great majority were built after the mid 9th century. In the 2nd quarter of the 10th c. a network of strongholds indicates the nascent Piast state