Factores personales de riesgo para la victimización por acoso escolar en niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista

Los niños diagnosticados con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) son uno de los grupos más vulnerables a sufrir de acoso escolar (Park et al., 2020). El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión de estudios empíricos que determinen los factores de riesgo personales con respecto a la victimización por acoso escolar en niños diagnosticados con Trastorno del Espectro Autista. La búsqueda de investigaciones se realizó siguiendo algunos de los lineamientos de la guía PRISMA (Urrutia & Bonfill, 2013), utilizando las bases de datos Scopus, EBSCOhost y Science Direct. Se seleccionaron siete estudios que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión que evaluaban los factores de riesgo personales en la victimización por acoso escolar en la población de niños con TEA. La metodología utilizada en la mayoría fueron estudios no experimentales correlacionales y transversales. Los estudios demostraron que los niños con TEA están altamente expuestos a sufrir de victimización por acoso escolar, por ende, se destacan que los factores de riesgo con más incidencia fueron la falta de habilidades sociales, hiperactividad, inatención y conductas inadaptadas. Sin embargo, se evidenció que las investigaciones han utilizado un método de informantes para recabar información y no ha habido una unificación de instrumentos de medición para las variables. Conocer los factores de riesgo implica una mejor evaluación, prevención e intervención en cómo reconocer, reportar y abordar el acoso escolar en niños con TEA.Children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are one of the most vulnerable groups to suffer from bullying (Park et al., 2020). The purpose of this study was to carry out a review of empirical studies that determine personal risk factors regarding victimization from bullying in children diagnosed with ASD. The research was carried out following some of the PRISMA guidelines (Urrutia & Bonfill, 2013), using the Scopus, EBSCOhost and Science Direct databases. Seven studies were selected that met the criteria that evaluated the personal risk factors in victimization from bullying in the population of children with ASD. The methodology used in the majority was non experimental correlational and cross-sectional studies. The studies showed that children with ASD are highly exposed to suffer from victimization from bullying. Therefore, the risk factors with the highest incidence were the lack of social skills, hyperactivity, inattention, and maladaptive behaviors. However, it was evidenced that the investigations have used informant methods to collect information and there has not been a unification of measurement instruments for the variables. Recognizing the risk factors leads to better evaluation, prevention, and intervention in how to recognize, report and address bullying in children with ASD

Development and validation of an HIV risk exposure and indicator conditions questionnaire to support targeted HIV screening

The aim of our study was to develop a Spanish-structured HIV risk of exposure and indicator conditions (RE&IC) questionnaire. People attending to an emergency room or to a primary clinical care center were offered to participate in a prospective, 1 arm, open label study, in which all enrolled patients filled out our developed questionnaire and were HIV tested. Questionnaire accuracy, feasibility, and reliability were evaluated. Valid paired 5329 HIV RE&IC questionnaire and rapid HIV tests were performed, 69.3% in the primary clinical care center, 49.6% women, median age 37 years old, 74.9% Spaniards, 20.1% Latin-Americans. Confirmed hidden HIV infection was detected in 4.1%, while HIV RE&IC questionnaire was positive in 51.2%. HIV RE&IC questionnaire sensitivity was 100% to predict HIV infection, with a 100% negative predictive value. When considered separately, RE or IC items sensitivity decreases to 86.4% or 91%, and similarly their negative predictive value to 99.9% for both of them. The majority of people studied, 90.8% self-completed HIV RE&IC questionnaire. Median time to complete was 3 minutes. Overall HIV RE&IC questionnaire test-retest Kappa agreement was 0.82 (almost perfect), likewise for IC items 0.89, while for RE items was lower 0.78 (substantial). A feasible and reliable Spanish HIV RE&IC self questionnaire accurately discriminated all non–HIV-infected people without missing any HIV diagnoses, in a low prevalence HIV infection area. The best accuracy and reliability were obtained when combining HIV RE&IC items