解体新書に描かれた図譜の現代解釈 : 肝胆膵編

　解体新書は当時の日本において最先端の医学書であったが，改めて観察すると，現代医学との相違点がいくつか存在する。そこで解体新書の図譜を現代医学の視点から考察し，原図に沿って現代医学の要素をメディカルイラストレーションの手法を用いて加筆修正した。また江戸時代と現代において各臓器の見せ方の違いを考察した。本論文では解体新書の「肝臓篇」「膵臓，脾臓篇」の２章の中の，肝臓，胆嚢，膵臓の３臓器の図譜について現代医学の視点から考察して相違点を抽出した。それを基に，原図に沿って現代医学の要素を加筆修正した。加筆修正するポイントとして，臓器の構造や機能を，強調や省略を駆使して的確に表現した。また，臓器は生体的構図で描画し，関連する周囲組織も含めた構図を作成した。肝臓前面の図譜では，形状を整理し，間膜と肝円索を加筆した。肝門の図譜では，脈管を修正し，間膜と圧痕を加筆した。胆嚢の図譜では，形状と層の表現を修正し，胆嚢管の表現を修正した。膵臓の図譜では，前面と背面の２枚の図を作成した。また，肝門部を加筆，胆管と膵管を修正，胃と膵臓の前後関係を修正，脾臓の脈管を修正したうえで，腎臓を削除し，横行結腸を加筆した。Kaitai-Shinsho was one of the state-of-the-art medical books in Japan during the Edo period.However, on closer observation, there are several differences between the illustrations and modern medicine. Therefore, we nvestigated the illustrations in the Kaitai-Shinsho from a modern medical point of view, and retouched them using medical illustration techniques in accordance with the original figures. We also discussed the differences in how to show each organ in the Edo and modernperiods. Regarding the three organs of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, we extracted the differences and discussed from a modern medical point of view. The structures and functions of these organs that have been scientifically proven were adequately drawn through the use of emphasis and omission techniques. These organs were drawn with anatomical composition, which can be easily understood, including the relevant surrounding tissues. For the figure of “Liver: front", we 1) organized the shape of the entire liver, 2) retouched the surrounding membrane, and 3) retouched the round ligament. For the figure of “Liver: hilum", we 1) modified the vessels flowing into the liver, 2) retouched the surrounding membrane, and 3) retouched the impressions on the surface. For the figure of “Gallbladder", we 1) modified the layers of the wall, 2) retouched the shape, and 3) retouched the cystic duct. For the figure of “Pancreas", we drew two views of the pancreas front and pancreas back. In addition, we 1) retouched the hepatic hilum, 2) modified the bile duct and pancreatic duct, 3) modified the position of stomach and pancreas, 4) modified the vessels of the spleen, 5) removed the kidney, and 6) retouched the transverse colon

Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Biodegradable, Biocompatible, and Stimuli-Responsive Cationic Nanogel Particles

Nanogels have attracted much attention lately because of their many potential applications, including as nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. Most nanogels reported previously, however, are not biodegradable, and their synthesis often requires the use of surfactants. Herein we report a surfactant-free method for the preparation of biodegradable, biocompatible, and stimuli-responsive cationic nanogels. The nanogels were synthesized by simply coaservating linear polymer precursors in mixed solvents followed by in situ cross-linking with homobifunctional cross-linkers. The versatility of this approach has been demonstrated by employing two different polymers and various cross-linkers to prepare nanogel particles with diameters ranging from 170 to 220 nm. Specifically, disulfide-containing tetralysine (<b>TetK</b>)- and oligoethylenimine (<b>OEI</b>)-based prepolymers were prepared and the subsequent nanogels were formed by covalently cross-linking the polymer coacervate phase. Nanogel particles are responsive to pH changes, increasing in size and zeta-potential with concomitant lowering of solution pH. Furthermore, as revealed by AFM imaging, nanogel particles were degradable in the presence of glutathione at concentrations similar to those in intracellular environment (10 mM). Both the nanogel and the polymer precursors were determined to exhibit minimal cytotoxicity against fibroblast 3T3 cells by flow cytometric analyses and fluorescent imaging. This study demonstrates a new surfactant-free method for preparing biodegradable, biocompatible, and stimuli-responsive nanogels as potential nanocarriers for the delivery of drugs and genes