Production of Indigenous and Enriched Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Coal Briquettes: Combustion and Disintegration Strength Analysis

Khyber Pakhtun Khwa province of Pakistan has considerable amounts of low ranked coal. However, due to the absence of any centrally administered power generation system there is a need to explore indigenous methods for effectively using this valuable energy resource. In the present study an indigenous coal briquetting technology has been developed and evaluated in terms of combustion characteristics such as moisture content, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon and calorific value of the resulting coal briquette and disintegration strength using polyvinyl acetate (PVA) in combination with calcium carbonate (sample no 3 with highest disintegration strength value of 2059N). Comparison of test samples with the commercially available coal briquettes revealed improved combustion characteristics for the PVA bonded (sample no 1 and 5) coal briquettes having higher fixed carbon content and calorific value, lower ash contents as well as lower initial ignition time

Synthesis and characterization of composite materials with enhanced thermo-mechanical properties for unmanned aerial vehicles (Uavs) and aerospace technologies

Lightweight and high strength composite materials are vital for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and aerospace technologies with desired characteristics. Carbon composite materials exhibit extraordinary properties for UAVs and aerospace applications. This study aimed to discover the best-prepared composition of composites material having epoxy LY-5052 and carbon fibres laminate for UAVs. Besides, to develop a low cost with high specific strength composite material for aerospace application to replace metallic alloys. In this work, the vacuum bag technique is used to prepare rectangular strips of three different ratios of carbon fibre/epoxy laminates [(40:60), (50:50) and (60:40)] to obtain the best composite in terms of properties. The thermo-mechanical and viscoelastic behaviour of composite materials were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), universal testing machine (UTM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The tensile strength of epoxy LY5052 composites with 60 wt% has enhanced to 986%, and glass transition temperature (Tg) was improved from 71oC to 110oC. Overall, 60 wt% carbon fibre exhibits better thermo-mechanical properties with lightweight, which may be a future composite material for aerospace, especially UAVs technologies

Energy-Efficient and Environmentally Sound Technique of Emulsification and Phase Inversion for Producing Stable Droplets – Application of Membrane Emulsification to Polymerization: A Review

Emulsification plays an important role in the formation of many products such as milk products, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, paints, dyes, and many food items. Their application in industry such as mining, crude oil extraction, pulp and paper, textile, and polymer, is immense. Over the last two decades there has been a growing interest in making emulsions by a new technique known as membrane emulsification. This is because it requires lesser energy as compared to the other conventional turbulence based methods like homogenization and rotor-stator systems, with the added advantage of producing droplets of a given size by just selecting the average pore size of the membrane. It is the distinguished feature of membrane emulsification that the resulting droplet size is controlled primarily by the membrane type and its pore size and not by the generation of turbulent droplet breakup. This article provides a review of the currently available emulsification processes with special focus on polymer emulsification. The main characteristics of emulsification processes including membrane emulsification process and its principles, influence of process parameters, industrial applications as well as an outlook to further improvement of the processes are discussed

A novel recycled polyethylene terephthalate/polyamide 11 (rPET/PA11) thermoplastic blend

This work explores a novel blend of recycled polyethylene terephthalate/polyamide 11 (rPET/PA11). The blend of rPET/PA11 was introduced to enhance the mechanical properties of rPET at various ratios. The work’s main advantage was to utilize rPET in thermoplastic form for various applications. Three different ratios, i.e. 10, 20 and 30 wt.% of PA11 blend samples, were prepared using a twin-screw extruder and injection moulding machine. The mechanical properties were examined in terms of tensile, flexural and impact strength. The tensile strength of rPET was improved more than 50%, while the increase in tensile strain was observed 42.5% with the addition of 20 wt.% of PA11. The improved properties of the blend were also confirmed by the flexural strength of the blends. The flexural strength was increased from 27.9 MPa to 48 MPa with the addition of 30 wt.% PA11. The flexural strain of rPET was found to be 1.1%. However, with the addition of 10, 20 and 30 wt.% of PA11, the flexural strain was noticed as 1.7, 2.1, and 3.9% respectively. The impact strength of rPET/PA11 at 20 wt.% PA11 was upsurged from 110.53 to 147.12 J/m. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a dispersed PA11 domain in a continuous rPET matrix morphology of the blends. This work practical implication would lead to utilization of rPET in automobile, packaging, and various industries

Mechanical and thermal properties of sepiolite strengthened thermoplastic polymer nanocomposites: A comprehensive review

Sepiolite (Si12Mg8O30(OH,F)4].(H2O)4·8H2O) is a valuable filler with an enormous capacity to be used in thermoplastic composites, substituting costly reinforcing fillers, such as graphene and CNTs. Sepiolite strengthened polymers nanocomposite materials have encouraged the field of research and ventures because of their strengthening ability and bio-compatibility in polymer composites. Sepiolite shows remarkable characteristics over various fillers due to its higher specific surface area and channel type structure. Numerous investigations were performed to decide different properties of Sepiolite strengthened polymer composites in various applications, for example, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, stiffness, thermal, flammability, thermo-mechanical, and morphological. This review paper focuses on the mechanical and thermal properties of sepiolite strengthened polymer nanocomposites. Generally, it can be determined that the properties of sepiolite loaded thermoplastic polymer composites mainly depend on filler content, matrix, bond interaction, shape, size of sepiolite particles. Further assessment and development are required to expand its utilization in several applications. These comprise the utilization of nano-size sepiolite made synthetically as functionalized filler in thermoplastics

Bio-Chemicals Derived from Waste: Building on the Concept of a Bio-Refinery

The work presented here has looked into the thermal-conversion of wheat and barley spent grains (SG). Wheat fermentation was carried in the laboratory to get a mashed product while barley grain residues were sourced from a local brewing company. Pyrolysis carried at 460, 520 and 540 oC at ambient conditions of pressure in a bench scale fluidized bed reactor resulted in producing bio-oil, charcoal and non-condensable gases. These products were characterized by using the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Differential Thermo-glavemetric Analysis (DTG), Elemental Analyzer (E.A) and a Bomb Calorimeter. The final pyrolysis product analysis revealed that the bio-oil production yields and Higher Heating Value (HHV) largely depended on the pyrolysis temperature and the sample type. In comparison with original raw grain samples, the analysis of thermally treated (pyrolysis) spent grains revealed the presence of high carbon and low oxygen contents. Results gathered in this work have shown that high bio-crude-oil production yields can be obtained at 520 oC (53 and 37wt% bio-oil from wheat and barley SG). Pyrolysis of wheat and barley SG resulted in giving a Higher Heating Value (HHV) of 21.80 and 21.86 MJ/kg at 540 and 460oC, which is considerably more in comparison to their virgin counterparts. This suggested route thus has a potential for further up-gradation of waste bio-mass for use as an intermediate fuel or as a raw material source for producing other bio-chemicals

Innovative hybrid nanocomposites of recycled polyethylene terephthalate/polyamide 11 reinforced with sepiolite and graphene nanoplatelets

This research delves into the novel development of hybrid nanocomposites using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET)/polyamide (PA11) with sepiolite, enhanced by the integration of Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP). Five different formulations were produced using co-rotating twin-screw extrusion and injection moulding techniques. The optimal blend, which includes equal amounts of sepiolite and graphene nanoplatelets (phr, 1 part per hundred resin each), exhibited a tensile strength of 54.5 MPa, representing an increase in tensile strength by 46.5% and an increase in percent strain by 59% as the GNP content increased from 0.2 to 1 phr, replacing sepiolite. Young’s modulus of hybrid nanocomposites varied between 1020 and 1285 MPa, indicating a significant enhancement. Flexural strength in the best-performing hybrid nanocomposite containing 1 phr of sepiolite and 1 phr of GNP (HNC-G1.0) increased by 61.65% to 76.46 MPa from 47.3 MPa (HNC-G0.0). In contrast, its flexural modulus reached 2668 MPa from HNC-G0.0 (1730 MPa), demonstrating substantial improvements. The impact strength also showed a notable 83% rise from HNC-G0.0 (252.97 J/m) to 463.18 J/m (HNC-G1.0). Despite these mechanical enhancements, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) demonstrated the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. At the same time, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) confirmed that the melting temperature remained stable, ensuring consistent processing conditions. This innovative research paves the way for advanced applications of rPET, particularly in the automotive industry. It marks a significant advancement in polymer science, promoting sustainable solutions and high-performance hybrid nanocomposites