Which factors are associated with COVID-19 infection incidence in care services for older people in Nordic countries? A cross-sectional survey

Aims:To investigate the differences between Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway regarding residential/home care units’ and frontline managers’ background factors, the resources allocated and measures taken during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether and how these differences were associated with COVID-19 among older people in residential/home units.Methods:Register- and survey-based data. Responses from managers in municipal and private residential/home units. Number of municipal COVID-19 cases from national registries. Multilevel logistic multivariate regression analysis with presence of COVID-19 among older people in residential/home units as the outcome variable.Results:The proportions of residential/home units with client COVID-19 cases, mid-March–April 2020 were Denmark 22.7%, Finland 9.0%, Norway 9.7% and Sweden 38.8%, most cases found in clusters. The proportions were similar among employees. Client likelihood of having COVID-19 was six-fold higher if the employees had COVID-19. Mean client cases per residential/home unit were Denmark 0.78, Finland 0.46, Norway 0.22 and Sweden 1.23. For the same municipal infection incidence class, Sweden’s mean client infection levels were three-fold those of other countries. The regression analysis variables country, municipal COVID-19 incidence proportion, and care type were associated with client cases at p ⩽ .001. Compared with Denmark, the odds ratios (ORs) for Sweden, Norway and Finland were 1.86, 0.41 and 0.35 respectively. The variable difficulties in preventive testing had an OR of 1.56, p ⩽ .05.Conclusions:Municipal COVID-19 incidence, employee cases, and the lack of testing resources somewhat explained the confirmed COVID-19 cases among older people in residential/home units. A two- to five-fold unexplained inter-country difference in ORs in the multivariate analyses was notable. The level of protection of vulnerable older clients in municipal and private residential/home units differed between the included countries

sj-xls-1-sjp-10.1177_14034948221085398 – Supplemental material for Which factors are associated with COVID-19 infection incidence in care services for older people in Nordic countries? A cross-sectional survey

Supplemental material, sj-xls-1-sjp-10.1177_14034948221085398 for Which factors are associated with COVID-19 infection incidence in care services for older people in Nordic countries? A cross-sectional survey by Auvo S. Rauhala, Lisbeth M. Fagerström, Andrej C. Lindholst, Timo S. Sinervo, Tilde M. Bertelsen, Trond Bliksvær, Bente V. Lunde, Rolf Solli, Maria G. Wolmesjö and Morten B. Hansen in Scandinavian Journal of Public Healt

sj-xls-1-sjp-10.1177_14034948221085398 – Supplemental material for Which factors are associated with COVID-19 infection incidence in care services for older people in Nordic countries? A cross-sectional survey

Supplemental material, sj-xls-1-sjp-10.1177_14034948221085398 for Which factors are associated with COVID-19 infection incidence in care services for older people in Nordic countries? A cross-sectional survey by Auvo S. Rauhala, Lisbeth M. Fagerström, Andrej C. Lindholst, Timo S. Sinervo, Tilde M. Bertelsen, Trond Bliksvær, Bente V. Lunde, Rolf Solli, Maria G. Wolmesjö and Morten B. Hansen in Scandinavian Journal of Public Healt

Which factors are associated with COVID-19 infection incidence in care services for older people in Nordic countries? A cross-sectional survey

Aims:To investigate the differences between Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway regarding residential/home care units’ and frontline managers’ background factors, the resources allocated and measures taken during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether and how these differences were associated with COVID-19 among older people in residential/home units.Methods:Register- and survey-based data. Responses from managers in municipal and private residential/home units. Number of municipal COVID-19 cases from national registries. Multilevel logistic multivariate regression analysis with presence of COVID-19 among older people in residential/home units as the outcome variable.Results:The proportions of residential/home units with client COVID-19 cases, mid-March–April 2020 were Denmark 22.7%, Finland 9.0%, Norway 9.7% and Sweden 38.8%, most cases found in clusters. The proportions were similar among employees. Client likelihood of having COVID-19 was six-fold higher if the employees had COVID-19. Mean client cases per residential/home unit were Denmark 0.78, Finland 0.46, Norway 0.22 and Sweden 1.23. For the same municipal infection incidence class, Sweden’s mean client infection levels were three-fold those of other countries. The regression analysis variables country, municipal COVID-19 incidence proportion, and care type were associated with client cases at p ⩽ .001. Compared with Denmark, the odds ratios (ORs) for Sweden, Norway and Finland were 1.86, 0.41 and 0.35 respectively. The variable difficulties in preventive testing had an OR of 1.56, p ⩽ .05.Conclusions:Municipal COVID-19 incidence, employee cases, and the lack of testing resources somewhat explained the confirmed COVID-19 cases among older people in residential/home units. A two- to five-fold unexplained inter-country difference in ORs in the multivariate analyses was notable. The level of protection of vulnerable older clients in municipal and private residential/home units differed between the included countries

Additional file 4 of Mapping age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence in adults in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–2018

Additional file 4: Supplemental results.1. README. 2. Prevalence range across districts. 3. Prevalence range between sexes. 4. Prevalence range between ages. 5. Age-specific district ranges