Die Normalisierung von Aids in Westeuropa Der Politik-Zyklus am Beispiel einer Infektionskrankheit

Das Auftreten von Aids hat in allen westeuropaeischen Laendern zu exzeptionellen Innovationen in Praevention, Krankenversorgung, Gesundheitspolitik und Buergerrechtsfragen gefuehrt. Diese Ausnahmen vom normalen Verlauf der Gesundheitspolitik erklaeren sich vor allem daraus, dass neben einer gesundheitlichen Katastrophe infolge von Aids auch Zivilisationsbrueche auf dem Gebiet der Buergerrechte befuerchtet wurden. Dies brachte eine trotz grosser nationaler Unterschiede im Grundmuster aehnliche 'exceptionalist alliance' aus beteiligten Gesundheitsberufen, sozialen Bewegungen und Betroffenen hervor, die den mangels wirksamer Therapien von der Medizin nicht besetzten Handlungsraum produktiv nutzte. Mit dem Ausbleiben der Katastrophe, Ermuedungserscheinungen der 'exceptionalist alliance' und zunehmenden Therapiemoeglichkeiten der Medizin geht der 'exceptionalism' in Europa jedoch schrittweise zu Ende. In diesem Prozess werden vier Phasen unterschieden: Entstehung des 'exceptionalism' (1981-1986), Praxis und Konsolidierung (1986-1991), Aufloesung des 'exceptionalism' und erste Anzeichen der Normalisierung (1991-1996), seither Normalisierung, veraenderter Umgang mit HIV und Aids. Es wird untersucht, welche gesundheitspolitischen Innovationen der 'Aids-exceptionalism' in Westeuropa hervorbrachte und auf welche Risiken und Chancen diese Innovationen im Zuge der Normalisierung treffen. (HH)SIGLEAvailable from UuStB Koeln(38)-991102776 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

The aids policy cycle in western Europe From exceptionalism to normalization

In every Western European country the occurrence of Aids has led to exceptional innovations in prevention, patient care, health policy and questions of civil rights. This exception can be explained not only by the fact that a health catastrophe was feared, but also civilizational harm in the field of civil rights. Despite national differences, this brought about similar 'exceptionalist alliances' consisting of health professionals, social movements and those affected. With the failure of a catastrophe to arise signs of fatigue in the 'exceptionalist alliance' and increasing possibilities of medical treatment, exceptionalism in Europe is drawing to a close. The paper elucidates specific aspects of each of the four roughly distinguishable phases in this process, given nationally different patterns of development. Aids health-policy innovations, and their risks and opportunities in the course of normalization are investigated. Three possible paths of development are identified: stabilization, generalization and retreat. The chances of utilizing innovations developed in connection with Aids for the modernization of health policy in other fields of prevention and patient care vary from country to country with the degree to which Aids exceptionalism has been institutionalized and the distance of these innovations from medical/therapeutic events. The contribution made by European countries to containing the global Aids crisis is inadequate. (HH)Das Auftreten von Aids hat in allen westeuropaeischen Laendern zu exzeptionellen Innovationen in Praevention, Krankenversorgung, Gesundheitspolitik und Buergerrechtsfragen gefuehrt. Diese Ausnahmen vom normalen Verlauf der Gesundheitspolitik erklaeren sich vor allem daraus, dass neben einer gesundheitlichen Katastrophe infolge von Aids auch Zivilisationsbrueche auf dem Gebiet der Buergerrechte befuerchtet wurden. Dies brachte eine trotz grosser nationaler Unterschiede im Grundmuster aehnliche 'exceptionalist alliance' aus beteiligten Gesundheitsberufen, sozialen Bewegungen und Betroffenen hervor, die den mangels wirksamer Therapien von der Medizin nicht besetzten Handlungsraum produktiv nutzte. Mit dem Ausbleiben der Katastrophe, Ermuedungserscheinungen der 'exceptionalist alliance' und zunehmenden Therapiemoeglichkeiten der Medizin geht der 'exceptionalism' in Europa jedoch schrittweise zu Ende. In diesem Prozess werden vier Phasen unterschieden: Entstehung des 'exceptionalism' (1981-1986), Praxis und Konsolidierung (1986-1991), Aufloesung des 'exceptionalism' und erste Anzeichen der Normalisierung (1991-1996), seither Normalisierung, veraenderter Umgang mit HIV und Aids. Es wird untersucht, welche gesundheitspolitischen Innovationen der 'Aids-exceptionalism' in Westeuropa hervorbrachte und auf welche Risiken und Chancen diese Innovationen im Zuge der Normalisierung treffen. (HH)German title: Die Normalisierung von Aids in Westeuropa: der Politik-Zyklus am Beispiel einer InfektionskrankheitAvailable from UuStB Koeln(38)-20001102881 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Data from: Revisiting the measurement of anomie

Sociologists coined the term "anomie" to describe societies that are characterized by disintegration and deregulation. Extending beyond conceptualizations of anomie that conflate the measurements of anomie as 'a state of society' and as a 'state of mind', we disentangle these conceptualizations and develop an analysis and measure of this phenomenon focusing on anomie as a perception of the 'state of society'. We propose that anomie encompasses two dimensions: a perceived breakdown in social fabric (i.e., disintegration as lack of trust and erosion of moral standards) and a perceived breakdown in leadership (i.e., deregulation as lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership). Across six studies we present evidence for the validity of the new measure, the Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS). Studies 1a and 1b provide evidence for the proposed factor structure and internal consistency of PAS. Studies 2a-c provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, assessing PAS in 28 countries, we show that PAS correlates with national indicators of societal functioning and that PAS predicts national identification and well-being (Studies 3a & 3b). The broader implications of the anomie construct for the study of group processes are discussed. Each dataset in the zip file is named after each study respectively

Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings

We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance (p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion (p < .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely high-powered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen’s ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relatively high and low WEIRDness scores, respectively). Cumulatively, variability in the observed effect sizes was attributable more to the effect being studied than to the sample or setting in which it was studied