Environment conditions and biological innovations in the european agrarian growth, 1819-1939

The circumstances that were the driving forces behind Europe's economic growth beginning in the 19th century are diverse, and not easily prioritized. Until the 1970's, specifically, in Economy and Economic History, attention was focused on different institutional and technological variables, and various regularities were proposed. Nevertheless, new studies also underlined that the evolution of economic activity could not be understood considering only the new production possibilities offered by market economies. As a result, today it is also accepted that those processes can not be explained without considering two additional circumstances: the energy flows that sustained them, and the changes undergone in their transformation In this context, a question arises that takes on special importance. Which was the influence of the biological change in the economic growth?. A part of the flows of energy must be made into food, and this transformation can only happen with the participation

Indicators and evaluation tools for the assessment of urban sustainability

This paper attempts to provide an explanation of why reductionistic approaches are not adequate to tackle the urban sustainability issue in a consistent way. Concepts such as urban environmental carrying capacity and ecological footprint are discussed. Multicriteria evaluation is proposed as a general multidimensional framework for the assessment of urban sustainability. This paper deals with the following main topics: 1) definition of the concept of urban sustainability 2) discussion of relevant sustainability indicators 3) multicriteria evaluation as a framework for the assessment of urban sustainability 4) an illustrative example

Immigrant entrepreneur, transfer of technology and knowledge spillovers : the case of Lyon Barcelona

The study explores the role of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in the creation of cross border business, through the figure of the immigrant entrepreneur. It examines how the relationship between immigrant entrepreneurs and local management impinged knowledge spillovers in the target economy during the interwar period. Based on a historical study of the Lyon Barcelona company(1933-81), the dynamic analysis provides evidence of the creation of knowledge spillovers. Indeed, the introduction of serigraphyby the company led to the creation of a cluster specialised in the manufacture of printing moulds in the Catalan town of Premiade Mar (Barcelona). The effects of the spillover were triggered as technology transfer was absorbed to create new knowledge that was initially transmitted from the factory itself and was disseminated on the basis of entrepreneurship and the creation of new specialised businesses, during a period of expansion of that activity. The astuteness of immigrant entrepreneurs for detecting business potential and the execution of that business by local management along with regional economic proximity benefitted the greater impact of cross border business on the target economies

Beyond GDP : Methodological and measurement issues in redefining "wealth"

In the last decades; a growing stock of literature has been devoted to the criticism of GDP as an indicator of societal wealth. A relevant question is: what are the perspectives to build, on the existing knowledge and consensus, alternative measures of prosperity? A starting point may be to connect well-being research agenda with the sustainability one. However, there is no doubt that there is a lot of complexity and fuzziness inherent in multidimensional concepts such as sustainability and well-being. This article analyses the theoretical foundations and the empirical validity of some multidimensional technical tools that can be used for well-being evaluation and assessment. Of course one should not forget that policy conclusions derived through any mathematical model depend also on the conceptual framework used, i.e. which representation of reality (and thus which societal values and interests) has been considered

Neither dashboard nor 'mashup' indices : an empirical wealth approach as a pathway to a comprehensive measure of development

The article is composed of two sections. The first one is a critical review of the three main alternative indices to GDP which were proposed in the last decades - the Human Development Index (HDI), the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), and the Happy Planet Index (HPI) - which is made on the basis of conceptual foundations, rather than looking at issues of statistical consistency or mathematical refinement as most of the literature does. The pars construens aims to propose an alternative measure, the composite wealth index, consistent with an approach to development based on the notion of composite wealth, which is in turn derived from an empirical common sense criterion. Arguably, this approach is suitable to be conveyed into an easily understandable and coherent indicator, and thus appropriate to track development in its various dimensions: simple in its formulation, the wealth approach can incorporate social and ecological goals without significant alterations in conceptual foundations, while reducing to a minimum arbitrary weighting

Sobre los orígenes de la industrialización en el sector alimentario : Cataluña, 1880-1935

Hoy en día las industrias alimentarias ocupan un lugar destacado en la reproducción de la actividad económica. Además de centralizar la elaboración de aquellos productos y articular al conjunto del sector agroalimentario, aquellas industrias condicionan aspectos importantes de las políticas económicas nacionales y, estrechamente conectadas con las nuevas empresas biotecnológicas, configuran una de las líneas de actividad más innovadoras. En el caso de la historiografía española, las aportaciones realizadas hasta ahora han sido sobre todo de tipo sectorial y no han alterado demasiado las interpretaciones tradicionales. Como resultado de estos trabajos podemos concluir, por tanto, que en el momento actual conocemos relativamente bien la evolución de las principales industrias alimentarias en España desde el siglo XIX, pero que todavía no hemos integrado los resultados alcanzados en un nuevo marco interpretativo. En el presente artículo discutiré inicialmente estos planteamientos y destacaré, a partir de las investigaciones realizadas, aquellos aspectos de las nuevas propuestas interpretativas que me parecen más sugerentes. Seguidamente aplicaré estas propuestas al caso español, tomando como referencia el desarrollo que experimentaron diversas industrias alimentarias en Cataluña entre la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la década de 1930

La Contabilidad de una institución eclesiástica desde la perspectiva del historiador económico

El objeto de las siguientes páginas es el estudio de la contabilidad de una institución eclesiástica, la catedral de Barcelona durante el siglo XVII, tanto la descripción de las prácticas contables utilizadas por dicha institución a lo largo del periodo señalado, como plantear, en primer lugar, los problemas de orden metodológico a que se enfrenta el historiador que ha de manejar esta clase de fuente documental y, en segundo lugar, sugerir qué nuevas preguntas es posible plantear y responder a partir de las fuentes contables; preguntas distintas de las que acostumbran a estar presentes en las investigaciones de los historiadores que han trabajado sobre las instituciones eclesiásticas. En la primera parte de la comunicación presentaré unas reflexiones sobre la Iglesia considerada como una institución económica y sobre las principales prácticas organizativas que derivaron del ejercicio histórico de ese papel; en segundo lugar describiré los rasgos identificadores de la contabilidad de la catedral barcelonesa, en lo que hace referencia a sus características técnicas particulares. En la tercera y última parte centraré mi atención en la utilización de las contabilidades eclesiásticas como fuentes históricas y mostraré algunas de las posibilidades de explotación cualitativa que pueden presentar

Especialización ganadera, industrias agroalimentarias y costes de transacción : Cataluña, 1880-1936

Cataluña es sin duda una de las regiones de Europa donde más se han dejado sentir las consecuencias de la industrialización y donde, como resultado de este proceso, las transformaciones experimentadas por el sector agrario también han sido más acusadas. En el presente estudio intentaré avanzar algunas respuestas a estas preguntas, tomando como referencia los cambios que se experimentaron en la producción y el consumo de alimentos ganaderos en la región catalana, entre la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la década de 1930. Muy sumariamente, lo que intentaré mostrar en este estudio son dos cuestiones. En primer lugar, que el desarrollo de un nuevo sector agroalimentario de orientación ganadera fue más difícil de realizar en las zonas mediterráneas que en las atlánticas, y en segundo lugar, que cuando este proceso dio lugar a un nuevo sector industrial de alimentos ganaderos, fue, en gran parte, cuando el incremento de los costes de transacción que ocasionaba la sostenida expansión de la demanda, propició la formación de nuevas empresas desde el sector comercial

Regional income inequality in Italy in the long run (1871-2001). Patterns and determinants

The chapter presents up-to-date estimates of Italy's regional GDP, with the present borders, in ten-year benchmarks from 1871 to 2001, and proposes a new interpretative hypothesis based on long-lasting socio-institutional differences. The inverted U-shape of income inequality is confirmed: rising divergence until the midtwentieth century, then convergence. However, the latter was limited to the centrenorth: Italy was divided into three parts by the time regional inequality peaked, in 1951, and appears to have been split into two halves by 2001. As a consequence of the falling back of the south, from 1871 to 2001 we record σ-divergence across Italy's regions, i.e. an increase in dispersion, and sluggish β-convergence. Geographical factors and the market size played a minor role: against them are both the evidence that most of the differences in GDP are due to employment rather than to productivity and the observed GDP patterns of many regions. The gradual converging of regional GDPs towards two equilibria instead follows social and institutional differences − in the political and economic institutions and in the levels of human and social capital - which originated in pre-unification states and did not die (but in part even increased) in postunification Italy