Evaluation of Pharmacodynamic interaction between Tinospora Cordifolia Alcoholic extract and Gliclazide : An herb-drug interaction study

Many diabetic people today consume herbs or herbal formulations along with prescription and non-prescription medications which may result in the herb-drug interaction Tinospora Cordifolia, with berberine being one of the most abundant active phytoconstituent widely used as an antidiabetic While Gliclazide is indicated to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus whichacts asan insulin secretagogue .T. Cordifolia is a potent inhibitor of CYP2C9 and Gliclazide is known to be metabolized by this enzyme. Potential Pharmacodynamic herb drug interaction might be possible in case of co administration of both. The pharmacodynamic interaction between TCE and Gliclazide was evaluated on hypoglycemic activity in normal and streptozotocinnicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. The study was conducted in 2 parts viz. acute study and sub-acute study in both normal and diabetic animals. The serum triglyceride level and histopathology of pancreawas performed to assess effect on glucose metabolism and pancreas.FTIR Analysis was also carried out to evaluate the interaction between functional groups. The combination showed pharmacodynamic interaction as reduction the time of onset of action and increasing the duration of action of gliclazide when administered in combination with T. cardiofolia. In FTIR studies of combination showed no physical interaction betweenfunctional groups suggesting both drugs might be acting on the different receptors. The study concludes that the combination of Gliclazide with TCE showed an increase in the hypoglycemic effect as compared to the gliclazide alone in STZ-NIC induced diabetic rats. This might be utilized clinically as a beneficial drug interaction in patients after thorough investigations in clinical studie

Preliminary Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Plumeria Obtuse Seed Pods

Plumeria obtuse L. (Apocynaceae) is an ornate outdoor plant. The plant was traditionally used during accidentalinjuries. However, the pharmacognosy of this plant is very poorly explored. Therefore, we have conducted this study to assess the distinctive qualities of the P. obtusa. To investigate P. obtusa seed pods’ preliminary pharmacognostic, physical-chemical, phytochemical, microscopic, and phytoconstituent potential. Initially, the shape and microscopic characteristics of plant seed pods were assessed. Physicochemical analysis was used for the standardization. Utilizing several chemical techniques, phytoconstituents were evaluated qualitatively. This was followed by quantitative estimation and analytical profiling of various phytoconstituents. The basic characteristics of the seed pod have been documented by macroscopy to be its brown color, sweet aroma, bitter flavor, coarse texture, and rough fracture. Microscopy showed the existence of vascular bundles, lignified fibers, calcium oxalate crystals and arteries. The results of the physicochemical analysis revealed no foreign organic matter, 2.8 % weight-average moisture content and a high total ash value of 14.80 compared to an acid insoluble ash value of 0.70, which indicated that there was less inorganic matter in the plant. The extractive values were 3.93, 6.03 and 10.16 % w/w for water soluble, alcohol soluble and hydro-alcoholic soluble extracts respectively. Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, phenolic constituents, tannins and carbohydrates were found during early phytochemical analysis. Instrumental analysis has given an idea about functional groups present whereas GCMS technique helped in identification of phytoconstituents. The results of this study can be significantly used as a reference support for quality control and standardization of P. obtusa and preparation of a monograph of plant

Rational drug repurposing for alzheimer’s treatment using in-silico ligand and structure-based approaches

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. New AD treatments are essential, and drug repositioning is a promising approach. In this study, we combined ligand-based and structure-based approaches to identify potential candidates among FDA-approved drugs for AD treatment. We used the human acetylcholinesterase receptor structure (PDB ID: 4EY7) and applied Rapid Overlay of Chemical Structures and Swiss Similarity for ligand-based screening.Computational shape-based screening revealed 20 out of 760 FDA approved drugs with promising structural similarity to Donepezil, an AD treatment AChE inhibitor and query molecule. The screened hits were further analyzed using docking analysis with Autodock Vina and Schrodinger glide. Predicted binding affinities of hits to AChE receptor guided prioritization of potential drug candidates. Doxazosin, Oxypertine, Cyclopenthiazide, Mestranol, and Terazosin exhibited favorable properties in shape similarity, docking energy, and molecular dynamics stability.Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of the complexes over 100 ns. Binding free energy analysis using MM-GBSA indicated favourable binding energies for the selected drugs. ADME, formulation studies offered insights into therapeutic applications and predicted toxicity.This comprehensive computational approach identified potential FDA-approved drugs (especially Doxazosin) as candidates for repurposing in AD treatment, warranting further investigation and clinical assessment