3. Statusseminar Chemikalien in der Umwelt mit Wirkung auf das Endokrine System: Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen der Bewertung und Regulierung; Harnack-Haus, Berlin, 2. Juni 2005

Das Umweltbundesamt veranstaltete am 2. Juni 2005 in Berlin das 3. Statusseminar "Umwelthormone - Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen der Bewertung und Regulierung", an dem etwa 100 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer aus Behörden, Forschungseinrichtungen, Nichtregierungsorganisationen und aus der Industrie teilnahmen. Ziel des Seminars war die Definition von Schritten, die für endokrin wirksame Chemikalien zur Entwicklung von Prüf- und Bewertungsstrategien auf der Basis wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse erforderlich sind. Dies ist besonders wichtig im Hinblick auf das neue europäische Chemikalienmanagement REACH, das für besonders gefährliche Stoffe ein Zulassungsverfahren vorsieht. Die endokrine Wirksamkeit einer Chemikalie steht als eines der besonderen Gefährdungsmerkmale zur Diskussion, die ein Zulassungsverfahren auslösen würden. Die Themen des Seminars waren so gewählt, dass ein wissenschaftlicher Austausch zwischen Forschung und Regulierung stattfand und dadurch die Sichtweise des jeweils andere

Environmental Consciousness in Germany 2016

The Study on Environmental Awareness in Germany has been conducting research on the development of environmental awareness and environmental behaviour of the population in Germany every two years since 1996. The aim is to understand the patterns of thought and action that exist in society and to anticipate the needs of different population groups.Wave 1: Importance of environmental protection and environmental policy, climate protection policy, assessments of environmental quality, environmental attitudes, perceived health burden of environmental pollution, dietary behavior, mobility behavior, motivations and willingness to change, and commitment to socio-ecological change. Topics: 1. Specific environmental topics / time comparison questions: most important problems in the country; assessment of environmental quality at home, in Germany and worldwide; assessment of the commitment of selected actors to environmental and climate protection (environmental associations, cities and municipalities, federal government, industry, citizens); assessment of the harmfulness of selected factors to one´s own health (split: extent of perceived health burden): Pollutants and pesticide residues in food, chemicals in products and objects of daily use, electromagnetic radiation from cell phones, tablets and computers as well as from mobile phone masts, pollutants in drinking water, plastic particles in drinking water and food, air pollutants, noise, consequences of climate change; Extent of perceived nuisance from selected sources of noise pollution (rail traffic noise, road traffic noise, industrial and commercial noise, air traffic noise, noise from neighbors); perceived noise pollution in general; role of environmental and climate protection with regard to other selected political tasks (securing prosperity, creating jobs, competitiveness, social justice, mastering future tasks such as e. g. e.g. globalization); attitudes toward renewal (scale: consistent policies to protect the environment will have a positive impact on the competitiveness of the economy, environmental protection should be a priority even if economic growth is impaired, natural limits to growth, etc.). 2. Environment and health: strength of perceived health burden from pollution and environmental contaminants; strength of perceived burden from air contaminants in the home from mold, odors, and fumes, and in the residential environment from automobile exhaust, industrial exhaust, and particulate matter from burning pellets or wood; estimated impact of environmental contaminants on children over the next 25 years. 3. Diet, out-of-home consumption, food waste: frequency of purchase of organic products in food shopping in the last month; frequency of meat consumption; reasons for frequent or infrequent meat consumption; conditions for willingness to reduce meat consumption; out-of-home consumption: Frequency of eating out in the last month in general and in a canteen at the place of work or education; Expectations of canteens; Attitudes towards the environment and sustainability in eating out (scale); Food waste: Frequency of throwing away food at home in the last month (disposal behavior); Attitudes toward food waste (scale). 4. Mobility and housing: Everyday mobility: frequency of use of means of transport for trips in everyday life (public transport, car, bicycle, walking); car used (own car (also company car, car pool, car sharing, cab, rental car, other car); willingness to use public transport, bicycle, walking, carpooling, car sharing; prerequisite for more frequent use of public transport, bicycle and walking; Opinion on selected measures to reduce environmental pollution (speed limit of 130 km/h on highways, maximum speed of 30 km/h in towns except on main roads, creation of traffic-calmed residential areas, closing of inner cities to car traffic, speed limit of 80 km/h on rural roads, shifting of freight transport from trucks to rail); Contribution to a good life by developing cities and towns away from cars; Desire to transform own community; Frequency of using an airplane for private travel in the last 12 months; Frequency of voluntary offsets; Housing: Housing status; energy retrofit measures implemented or encouraged. 5. Intentions and potential for change: intention to buy organic food, reduce private car trips and air travel, reduce the amount of living space used, purchase certified green electricity, donate money to an environmental or conservation group, best efficiency class when purchasing household appliances. 6. Social-ecological renewal: subjective threat from various environmental risks (climate change, extinction of species in the animal and plant world, pollution in soils, waters and air, deforestation, shortage of raw materials, pollutants in food, emergence of mega-cities with growing energy and land consumption, plastic waste in the world´s oceans, growing world population); Subjective concern through social developments (growing social inequality, rising energy costs, worsening housing shortage, more stress and pressure at work, increasing lack of time, decline in social values such as community spirit and respect, diminishment of the social dimension). e.g., community spirit and respect, deterioration of infrastructures such as transport routes, personal lifestyles that are becoming less and less predictable); personal relevance of selected socio-ecological challenges for the respondent (switching to renewable energy, protecting fertile soils, developing new environmentally friendly technologies, fighting global poverty, fair trade between rich countries and developing countries, transforming urban and rural areas for well-being, regulating the economy and markets to avoid environmental pollution, developing new lifestyles for less impact on the environment and climate); opportunity-oriented approaches to sustainability: Expected impacts of sustainable development (increase in quality of life, more health, more time for self-determined living, more connectedness to nature, more community among people, more economy oriented to people´s needs, spread of lifestyles in which income, consumption, and possessions are less important). Forms of personal commitment to social-ecological renewal: Willingness for personal commitment to ecological goals (involvement in environmental and climate protection organizations, participation in demonstrations, signatures in online campaigns or online petitions, minimize greenhouse gases through everyday behavior, purchase of environmentally and climate-friendly products, refrain from unnecessary consumption, participation in initiatives such as exchange markets or repair cafés, advocating values such as thrift and modesty, waiting for environmental and climate problems to develop and taking action when necessary, using profitable investment opportunities in ecological projects, voting for parties that advocate strict environmental and climate laws); willingness to actively engage in environmental and nature protection (e.g., through volunteer work or Reasons against such active engagement; financial donations to nature and environmental protection organizations in the last 12 months; willingness to engage in social goals or social compensation (participation in organizations that advocate more social compensation, participation in demonstrations, campaigns that exert political pressure for more social justice, purchase of products that were manufactured under fair working conditions, financial donations for social purposes, participation in initiatives that test new social coexistence, e.g. in housing projects or in the case of the ´socially responsible´ initiative). (e.g., in housing projects or neighborhood assistance, advocating values such as justice, fairness, and equal opportunity, waiting for social problems to develop and acting when necessary, investing in socially ethical investments, voting for parties that advocate social justice); perceived justice in Germany: own fair share compared to others in Germany. 7. Climate protection policy: self-assessment of informedness about the agreement of the UN climate conference in Paris; importance of the goal of greenhouse gas neutrality; probability of achieving greenhouse gas neutrality in the second half of the century; Importance of selected government climate protection measures (ban on particularly climate-damaging products, expansion of support for renewable energies, legally required labeling of particularly climate-damaging products, increasing the price of CO2 emission rights, higher taxation of particularly climate-damaging products, reduction of climate-damaging subsidies, government support for energy-saving measures in homes, support for electric vehicles). 8. Respondent characteristics: items to identify social milieus. Demography: sex; age; educational attainment; employment or occupational group; living situation; household size; number of children in the household and age of these children; respondent or at least one of the parents moved to Germany from abroad (migration background); net household income; occupational status of current or former occupation; living space of main residence in square meters (open or classified); state; region; location size. Additionally coded were: sequential number; Socio Milieus 2016; weighting factor. Wave 2: Climate adaptation measures, further aspects on climate protection policy and mobility, willingness to buy green products, noise awareness, nitrogen pollution, and willingness to pay for ecosystem services. 1. Climate adaptation: convinced of the ability to cope with climate-induced problems; expected to be personally affected by the consequences of climate change (damage caused by floods and storms, impairment of physical well-being or performance due to heat waves, limited recreation due to heat on vacation, too little snow for winter sports activities). Precautionary measures for climate adaptation: sufficiently informed about personal risks due to climate change; sufficient personal precautionary measures as well as by city or municipality; personal precaution: Informing about behavior in case of disaster, insurance against natural hazards, using warning and information services, changing winter sports activities, changing vacation and leisure activities; willingness to take the aforementioned measures of personal precaution. 2. Climate protection and climate policy: self-assessment of informedness about the role of the EU in climate policy; acceptance of a price for greenhouse gas emissions when choosing a product; assessment of the effect of voluntary climate protection and environmental measures by industry in comparison with statutory regulations. 3. Mobility: alternative bicycle use: use of selected bicycle types (cargo bicycle, adult tricycle, hand-powered bicycle, bicycle cab or bicycle rickshaw, rental bicycle, electric bicycle or pedelec, bicycle with child seat or child trailer); willingness to use alternative bicycles; car-sharing: Ability to use car sharing in own community; driver´s license; use of car sharing and frequency of use in last year; general willingness to use car sharing; willingness to use car sharing instead of owning a car; frequency of use of bicycle, bus, and train in last year; car ownership in household and type of car (gasoline, diesel, electric, hybrid); use of electric car or hybrid car; willingness to use an electric car for leisure, work, and/ or willingness to use an electric or hybrid car through sharing concepts. 4. Willingness to buy green products: Purchasing frequency in the last four weeks of selected consumer goods for daily use: Organic food and beverages, fish products from sustainable fisheries, recycled paper, environmentally friendly personal care products); purchasing frequency in the last four weeks of selected organic products (eggs, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, cheese, meat, sausage, vegan protein products, bread, flour, cereal products, pasta, vegetables, potatoes, fruit, beverages, none of the above); Purchasing frequency in the past two years of selected consumer goods for non-daily, recurring needs (energy-efficient light bulbs, clothing labeled as environmentally friendly, cleaning products, paints and varnishes, energy-efficient household appliances, televisions and computers, wood products from sustainable forestry); one-time decisions green products: Purchase of green electricity, financial investments for environmental and climate protection, renting an apartment or house with low heating requirements, buying low-noise tires; willingness to generally or again decide in favor of the aforementioned green products; frequency of meat consumption; willingness to pay for meat that guarantees more animal welfare and more environmental protection than required by law or comes from organic farming; self-assessment of how informed they are about the type and origin of food production; most important purchase criteria for food; awareness of selected environmental labels or seals and assessment of their influence. or comes from organic farming; self-assessment of the level of information about the type and origin of food production; most important purchase criteria for food; awareness of selected environmental labels or seals and assessment of the influence on own purchase decision. 5. Nitrogen pollution: awareness of the deposition of nitrogen in soils and waters as tolerable by nature and compatible with health (emissions of reactive nitrogen). 6. Noise awareness: knowledge regarding emissions and the effects of noise: speed of a passenger car above which the rolling noise of the tires generates more noise than the engine; diseases with an increased risk of disease in the case of permanent exposure to traffic noise; estimated proportion of people in Germany who are exposed to traffic noise at night, which poses a risk to health; problem awareness regarding own emissions and the effects of noise: Agreement with the statement: permanent exposure to traffic noise endangers the physical and mental health of the population in Germany; Awareness of the connection between driving and noise generation; Endangering the physical and mental health of fellow human beings through personally caused traffic noise; Attitude and behavior: important aspects for the choice of a means of transport (e. g. e.g. getting to destination quickly, environmental protection, safety, little effort, etc.); attitude and behavior in relation to road traffic noise; noise sensitivity: self-assessment as sensitive to noise. 7. Ecosystem services: Measures for the renaturation of rivers and floodplains: Choice experiment: preferred measures for the development of riverine landscapes along the ´Blue Rivers´ (attributes: floodable floodplain area, near-natural banks, floodplain forest, fish passage, bathing, river development levy); rating of the aforementioned objectives for the development of riverine landscapes (ranking by importance); visited ´Blue Rivers´ for recreational purposes; most visited rivers in the last 12 months; naming of the nearest village (open); activities on the river. 8. Respondent characteristics: items to identify social milieus. Demography: sex; age; educational attainment; employment or occupational group; living situation; household size; number of children in the household and age of these children; respondent himself or herself or at least one of the parents moved to Germany from abroad (migration background); net household income; occupational status of current or former occupation; residential status of main residence; living area of main residence in square meters (open or classified); state; region; size of town. Additionally coded were: sequence number; Socio Milieus 2016; weighting factor.Mit der Studie zum Umweltbewusstsein in Deutschland wird seit 1996 im Zweijahres-Rhythmus erforscht, wie sich Umweltbewusstsein und Umweltverhalten der Bevölkerung in Deutschland entwickeln. Ziel ist es, die in der Gesellschaft vorhandenen Denk- und Handlungsmuster zu verstehen und die Bedürfnisse unterschiedlicher Bevölkerungsgruppen vorauszusehen.Welle 1: Stellenwert von Umweltschutz und Umweltpolitik, Klimaschutzpolitik, Einschätzungen zur Umweltqualität, Umwelteinstellungen, wahrgenommene Gesundbelastung durch Umweltverschmutzung, Ernährungsverhalten, Mobilitätsverhalten, Veränderungsmotivationen und -bereitschaften sowie Engagement für sozial-ökologischen Wandel. Themen: 1. Spezifische Umweltthemen / Zeitvergleichsfragen: Wichtigste Probleme im Land; Beurteilung der Umweltqualität am Wohnort, in Deutschland und weltweit; Beurteilung des Engagements ausgewählter Akteure für den Umwelt- und Klimaschutz (Umweltverbände, Städte und Gemeinden, Bundesregierung, Industrie, Bürgerinnen und Bürger); Einschätzung der Schädlichkeit ausgewählter Faktoren für die eigene Gesundheit (Split: Ausmaß der empfundenen gesundheitlichen Belastung): Schadstoffe und Pflanzenschutzmittelrückstände in Lebensmitteln, Chemikalien in Produkten und Gegenständen des täglichen Bedarfs, elektromagnetische Strahlung von Handys, Tablets und Computern sowie von Mobilfunksendemasten, Schadstoffe im Trinkwasser, Plastikpartikel in Trinkwasser und Lebensmitteln, Luftschadstoffe, Lärm, Folgen des Klimawandels; Ausmaß der empfundenen Belästigung durch ausgewählte Lärmbelästigungsquellen (Schienenverkehrslärm, Straßenverkehrslärm, Industrie- und Gewerbelärm, Flugverkehrslärm, Lärm von Nachbarn); empfundene Lärmbelästigung allgemein; Rolle des Umwelt- und Klimaschutzes im Hinblick auf andere ausgewählte politische Aufgaben (Wohlstandssicherung, Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen, Wettbewerbsfähigkeit, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Meistern von Zukunftsaufgaben wie z.B. Globalisierung); Einstellungen zu Erneuerung (Skala: konsequente Politik zum Schutz der Umwelt wird sich positiv auf die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Wirtschaft auswirken, Umweltschutz sollte Vorrang haben, auch bei Beeinträchtigung des Wirtschaftswachstums, natürliche Grenzen des Wachstums, etc.). 2. Umwelt und Gesundheit: Stärke der wahrgenommenen Gesundheitsbelastung durch Umweltverschmutzung und Umweltschadstoffe; Stärke der wahrgenommenen Belastung durch Luftverunreinigungen in der Wohnung durch Schimmel, Gerüche und Ausdünstungen und im Wohnumfeld durch Autoabgase, Industrieabgase und Feinstaub aus der Verbrennung von Pellets oder Holz; geschätzte Auswirkungen von Umweltbelastungen auf Kinder in den nächsten 25 Jahren. 3. Ernährung, Außer-Haus-Verzehr, Lebensmittelverschwendung: Häufigkeit des Kaufs von Bio-Produkten beim Lebensmitteleinkauf im letzten Monat; Häufigkeit des Fleischkonsums; Gründe für häufigen bzw. seltenen Fleischkonsum; Bedingungen für die Bereitschaft zur Verringerung des Fleischkonsums; Außer-Haus-Verzehr: Häufigkeit des Außer-Haus-Verzehrs im letzten Monat allgemein und in einer Kantine am Arbeits- oder Ausbildungsplatz; Erwartungen an Kantinen; Einstellungen zu Umwelt und Nachhaltigkeit im Außer-Haus-Verzehr (Skala); Lebensmittelverschwendung: Häufigkeit des Wegwerfens von Lebensmitteln zuhause im letzten Monat (Entsorgungsverhalten); Einstellung zum Thema Lebensmittelverschwendung (Skala). 4. Mobilität und Wohnen: Alltagsmobilität: Nutzungshäufigkeit von Verkehrsmitteln für Wege im Alltag (Öffentliche Verkehrsmittel, Auto, Fahrrad, zu Fuß); genutztes Auto (eigenes Auto (auch Dienstwagen, Fahrgemeinschaft, Car-Sharing, Taxi, Mietwagen, sonstiges Auto); Bereitschaft zur Nutzung von öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln, Fahrrad, zu Fuß, Fahrgemeinschaften, Car-Sharing; Voraussetzung für die häufigere Nutzung von öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln, Fahrrad und zu Fuß; Meinung zu ausgewählten Maßnahmen zur Verminderung der Umweltbelastungen (Tempolimit von 130 km/h auf Autobahnen, Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 30 km/h innerorts außer auf Hauptverkehrsstraßen, Schaffung verkehrsberuhigter Wohngebiete, Sperrung der Innenstädte für den Autoverkehr, Tempolimit von 80 km/h auf Landstraßen, Verlagerung von Gütertransport vom LKW auf die Schiene); Beitrag zu einem guten Leben durch die Entwicklung von Städten und Gemeinden weg vom Auto; Wunsch nach Umgestaltung der eigenen Gemeinde; Nutzungshäufigkeit eines Flugzeugs für private Reisen in den letzten 12 Monaten; Häufigkeit von freiwilligen Kompensationszahlungen; Wohnen: Wohnstatus; Maßnahmen zur energetischen Sanierung durchgeführt bzw. angeregt. 5. Intentionen und Veränderungspotenzial: Intention zum Kauf von Bio-Lebensmitteln, Reduzierung von privaten Autofahrten und Flugreisen, Verkleinerung der genutzten Wohnfläche, Bezug von zertifiziertem Ökostrom, Geldspende für eine Umwelt- oder Naturschutzgruppe, beste Effizienzklasse bei der Anschaffung von Haushaltsgeräten. 6. Sozial-ökologische Erneuerung: Subjektive Bedrohung durch verschiedene Umweltrisiken (Klimawandel, Artensterben in der Tier- und Pflanzenwelt, Schadstoffbelastung in Böden, Gewässern und Luft, Abholzung von Wäldern, Verknappung von Rohstoffen, Schadstoffe in Lebensmitteln, Entstehung von Mega-Städten mit wachsendem Energie- und Flächenverbrauch, Plastikmüll in den Weltmeeren, wachsende Weltbevölkerung); subjektive Betroffenheit durch gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen (wachsende soziale Ungleichheit, steigende Energiekosten, sich verschärfende Wohnungsnot, mehr Stress und Druck bei der Arbeit, zunehmender Zeitmangel, Rückgang sozialer Werte wie z.B. Gemeinschaftlichkeit und Respekt, Verfall von Infrastrukturen wie z.B. Verkehrswegen, immer weniger planbare persönliche Lebensgestaltung); persönliche Relevanz ausgewählter sozialökologischer Herausforderungen für den Befragten (Umstieg auf erneuerbare Energien, Schützen fruchtbarer Böden, Entwicklung neuer umweltfreundlicher Technologien, Kampf gegen weltweite

Environmental Consciousness in Germany 2018

The Study on Environmental Consciousness in Germany has been conducting research on the development of environmental consciousness and environmental behaviour of the population in Germany every two years since 1996. The aim is to understand the patterns of thought and action that exist in society and to incorporate them into citizen-oriented policies. The survey of the first wave consisted of time comparison questions on environmental quality, health, noise, the role of environmental policy and voluntary commitment; mobility and traffic change; agriculture and rural regions; meat alternatives as well as the awareness of environmental labels. The second survey wave consisted of comparative questions on the importance of environmental and climate protection, the actions of relevant actors and synergies/conflicts of environmental policy with other policy fields; environmental awareness (cognitive, affective and conative environmental attitudes); electricity and heat transition, energy transition; air travel; environmental knowledge. Items to identify social milieus and socio-demographic information were collected in both waves. Wave 1 Topics: 1. Mobility and transport transition in urban and rural areas: background variables: Car driving licence ownership; Car-Sharing services in the community of residence. Choice of means of transport, reasons, satisfaction: frequency of use of means of transport for everyday journeys (public transport, own car, car-sharing car, carpooling or car-sharing, motorbike, moped, moped, scooter, e-scooter, walking, bicycle without additional electric drive, electric bicycle, e-bike, pedelec, rental bicycle); reasons for choosing the car in everyday life (e.g. is comfortable, reliable, cheaper, etc.). e.g. is comfortable, reliable, cheaper, etc.; Satisfaction with the car: rating of the experience of using the car in everyday life overall; Reasons for choosing public transport in everyday life (e.g. are reliable, can relax while doing so, etc.); Satisfaction with public transport: Evaluation of the experience of using public transport in everyday life as a whole; reasons for choosing the bicycle for trips in everyday life; satisfaction with the bicycle: evaluation of the experience of using the bicycle in everyday life as a whole. Attitudes towards social issues related to mobility: agreement with various statements on transport and mobility (you need your own car to manage everyday life with children and family, more urgently needs to be done for public transport, public transport needs to become much cheaper. I often feel unsafe in public transport, public transport buses and trains should run more frequently, my place of residence is difficult to reach by public transport, more cycle paths and cycle lanes are needed, cycle paths must above all become safer, more motorways and trunk roads are needed, car traffic should be significantly reduced in cities, car-sharing is a good alternative to owning a car, with the combination of car-sharing, public transport and a bicycle you are just as mobile as with your own car, more parking space for cars must be created in city centres, driving bans are needed for cars that emit a lot of pollutants, in order to reduce environmental and climate damage caused by traffic, more financial burdens should be placed on car traffic, more environmentally friendly means of transport should be promoted with public funds, more urgently needs to be done in cities to combat air pollution caused by car traffic, there should be more opportunities to combine cars, public transport, bicycles, (shared) taxis, etc. ); sensible measures to reduce environmental and climate pollution caused by car traffic (e.g. abolition of tax concessions for diesel fuels, increase of energy tax on fuels such as petrol and diesel, etc.); opinion to promote environmentally friendly means of transport (electric cars, public transport, bicycle transport). Personal preferences with regard to the future development of transport (as little impact as possible on the environment and climate, being able to cover everyday journeys comfortably and cheaply, advancing economic development in Germany and the competitiveness of German companies). Assessment of current transport policy: agreement with statements on transport policy in Germany (oriented primarily towards environmental and climate protection, the needs of citizens, the interests of the economy). Actors of the mobility turnaround: Actors who can make an important contribution to greener transport in Germany (each and every individual, environmental associations, cities, municipalities, government (federal, state), car industry, automobile clubs e.g. ADAC, public transport companies, employers, retailers, shops, trade unions, media, courier and delivery services, none of these); three most important actors for greener transport in Germany. Willingness to change: Retrospective behaviour with regard to environmentally friendly mobility (use of car-sharing, rental bike, carpooling, park & ride, bought monthly or annual ticket for public transport, used the train for a holiday trip, used a long-distance bus); future willingness to engage in the aforementioned behaviours. Follow-up survey Topics: Most important problems in the country; importance of problems social justice, economic development, crime, public security, wars, terrorism, environmental and climate protection, unemployment, immigration, migration, state of education and health system, and development of urban and rural areas. Demography: sex; age; employment; activity if not employed (group); educational attainment; occupational status; household size; number of children under 18 in the household; net household income; location size. Additionally coded: sequence number; serial number; weighting factor. 2. Time comparison and baseline questions on environmental policy (wave 1): assessment of environmental quality at the place of residence, in Germany and worldwide; health burden due to environmental problems: Strength of perceived health burden due to environmental pollution and environmental pollutants; strength of perceived annoyance in the last 12 months due to noise from various noise sources (rail traffic noise, road traffic noise, air traffic noise, industrial and commercial noise, noise from neighbours; Importance of environmental and climate protection with regard to other political task fields (securing prosperity, creating jobs, securing competitiveness, more social justice, mastering future tasks (such as e.g. globalisation)); commitment: Willingness to actively engage in nature conservation and environmental protection; monetary donations to nature conservation and environmental protection associations in the last 12 months. 3. Agriculture and rural regions: Familiarity with agriculture: self-assessment of being informed about agriculture in Germany; contact with farms. Societal tasks of agriculture: three most important tasks of agriculture for society (providing the population with a variety of high-quality and healthy food, ensuring the welfare of farm animals, protecting the environment and nature, maintaining economic activities and employment in rural areas, promoting culture and tradition in the countryside, producing low-priced food, producing plants for energy production and/or as industrial raw materials, preserving landscapes, none of the above); fulfilment of the aforementioned societal tasks by agriculture. Environmental and climate impacts of agriculture: problematic nature of various impacts of agriculture on the environment (e.g. pollution of water bodies and drinking water through overfertilisation or the application of liquid manure, environmental pollution through pesticides such as glyphosate, etc.). Approval of various measures to reduce environmental pollution in agriculture (e.g. stricter controls and higher penalties for violations of environmental laws, higher environmental requirements or stricter approval procedures for plant protection products and fertilisers, higher taxes or duties on particularly environmentally harmful agricultural products, stricter regulations on animal welfare in livestock farming, etc. ); sensible measures to burden particularly environmentally damaging agricultural products with levies, taxes or tariffs (increase VAT from 7% to 19% on animal products, levy levies on pesticides, introduce levies on fertilisers to limit over-fertilisation of the soil, levy levies on imported feed for livestock farming, none of the above). Personal preferences with regard to the future development of agriculture (agriculture should be oriented in the future in such a way that the environment and the climate are burdened as little as possible, it enables all people to provide themselves with a variety of high-quality and healthy food in everyday life, economic activities and employment are maintained in rural areas). Assessment of current agricultural policy: agreement with various statements on agricultural policy in Germany (agricultural policy in Germany is mainly oriented towards environmental and climate protection, the needs of consumers, the interests of farmers, the interests of industry, e.g.. Food corporations, chemical industry and seed producers). Actors in the agricultural transition: Actors who can make an important contribution to greener agriculture in Germany (each and every individual, environmental associations and nature conservation organisations, cities, municipalities, European Union, government (federal, state), industry associations such as the German Farmers´ Association, food trade, chemical industry and seed manufacturers, farmers, food monitoring authorities, animal welfare organisations, media, none of these); three most important actors for greener agriculture in Germany. Organic consumption, regional and seasonal food: share of organic products, regional products and seasonal products in food purchases in the last month; frequency of meat consumption. Willingness to change: Retrospective behaviour with regard to nutrition and food purchases (e.g. when buying food, avoid packaging and bring your own bags or other containers, instead of yoghurt and milk made from cow´s milk, buy products based on soya beans, oats, rice or coconut milk, consciously buy only products without palm oil, etc.); future willingness to adopt the aforementioned behaviour. 4. Meat alternatives: Awareness of in-vitro meat; expected consequences of in-vitro meat (e.g. meat consumption without a guilty conscience, factory farming will become superfluous, in-vitro meat will not taste like real meat, etc.); general attitude towards different meat alternatives (in-vitro meat, food derived from insects, meat substitutes made from plants). 5. Awareness, influence and credibility of eco-labels: Awareness of selected ecolabels or seals; credibility of these ecolabels and seals; assessment of the influence of these ecolabels and seals on own purchasing decisions. 6. Respondent characteristics: items to identify social milieus: views on various aspects of life such as society, work and private life. Demography: sex; age; highest level of education; gainful employment; completion of occupational activities or for home office training; living situation; household size; number of children under 18 in the household; respondent himself or at least one of the parents moved to Germany from abroad (migration background); net household income (grouped); occupational status of current or former occupation; city size; distance of various facilities from the home (workplace, supermarket or discount store, family doctor, pharmacy, primary school, public transport stop); distance of the place of residence to the nearest large city; estimated development of the population of the place of residence; residential status of main residence; federal state; region. Additionally coded: sequence number; serial number; transport mode use bicycle aggregated; social milieus and youth segments; weighting factor. Wave 2 Topics: 1. Time comparison and basic questions on environmental policy (wave 2): naming of the two most important problems in the country (open, coded); importance of various task areas in environmental protection (e.g. switching from fossil fuels to renewable energies, taking up less natural land for new roads, residential and commercial areas, etc.); assessment of the commitment of various actors to environmental and climate protection (environmental associations, cities, municipalities, federal government, industry, citizens). Synergies between environmental and climate protection and other policy areas: Contribution of more environmental and climate protection to other political task areas (preservation of prosperity, creation of jobs, quality of jobs, competitiveness of the economy, social justice, challenges of globalisation, health of people, combating causes of flight, securing peace, technical progress); priorities in case of conflict; importance and consideration of the requirements of environmental and climate protection in different policy areas (economic policy, labour market policy, social policy, foreign policy, transport policy, agricultural policy, energy policy, tax policy, urban development policy, urban and regional planning). 2. Indicators of environmental awareness: opinion on various statements on environmental effects and environmental cognition (e.g. it worries me when I think about the environmental conditions in which future generations will probably have to live, climate change also threatens our livelihoods here in Germany, etc.). Environmental behaviour: Intentional behaviour: Frequency of environmentally friendly behaviour when buying and using products and services (e.g. buying food from controlled organic cultivation, choosing products with an eco-label, etc.); personal commitment to ecological goals (donating money for environmental and climate protection, active commitment to environmental and climate protection, participation in demonstrations exerting political pressure for more environmental and climate protection, signatures in online campaigns, participation in initiatives that try out new environmentally and climate-friendly ways of acting, such as urban gardening or repair cafés. (e.g. urban gardening or repair cafés, minimising the impact on the environment and climate in everyday behaviour, e.g. when shopping or heating, standing up for values such as environmental protection and sustainability, voting for parties that advocate strict environmental and climate laws). Impact-based behaviours: Number of cars in household; mileage of this/these car(s) per year. 3. Electricity and heat transition: Background variables: Housing status main residence. Individual behaviour with regard to electricity: electricity consumption of one´s own household in comparison with other comparable households in Germany; purchase of green electricity; green electricity sign or seal of the electricity provider; agreement with statements on controlling electricity consumption (e.g. I regularly check the consumption of my appliances with an electricity meter to detect electricity guzzlers, I know exactly how much electricity my household consumes per year, etc.); level of heating energy demand of the main residence (rather high, average, rather low, very low). Awareness and behaviour with regard to energy-efficient refurbishment: Owner status: Awareness of various state subsidies for energy-efficient refurbishment and modernisation (e.g. subsidy for energy advice for residential buildings, subsidy for the individual refurbishment roadmap for residential buildings, etc.); subsidies used; individual behaviour with regard to energy-efficient refurbishment (e.g. heating energy consumption in the last year). (e.g. informed themselves about heating energy consumption of their own home in the last year, had an energy consultation for their own home, implemented measures to save thermal energy through renovation, etc.); evaluation of the result of these measures according to school grades; future willingness to behave with regard to energy-efficient renovation; support for energy-efficient renovation (rent) (willingness to pay the legally permissible rent increase if the energy-efficient renovation brings more living comfort, only the landlords or owners should pay for the energy-efficient renovation, increase in cold rent is OK if this amount can be saved on heating costs after the renovation, owners use energy-efficient renovations specifically to increase rents). 4. Energy transition: Importance of central aspects of the energy transition (phasing out nuclear energy, phasing out the use of fossil fuels, expanding renewable energies, increasing energy efficiency through new technologies, reducing energy consumption in transport, reducing energy consumption in the economy, economical energy consumption by private households); importance of individual measures of the energy turnaround (dismantling of climate-damaging subsidies, government promotion of energy saving in residential buildings, increasing the price of CO2 emission rights, higher taxation of particularly climate-damaging products, promotion of electric vehicles, expansion of supra-regional electricity grids, more citizen participation in planning and approval processes related to the energy turnaround, creation of new jobs in regions affected by the coal phase-out, guaranteeing an affordable energy supply for all); personal preferences in the context of the energy transition (the energy transition should be implemented in such a way that greenhouse gas emissions in Germany decrease quickly and significantly, the costs are distributed in a socially just manner, and it has a positive impact on economic development and businesses in Germany); agreement with statements on energy policy in Germany (the energy transition contributes to a significant decrease in greenhouse gas emissions in Germany, the costs of the energy transition are distributed in a socially just manner, the energy transition has a positive impact on economic development and the situation of businesses in Germany). Stakeholders in the energy transition: Actors who can make an important contribution to the success of the Energiewende in Germany (each and every individual, environmental associations, cities, municipalities, government (federal, state), trade unions, welfare and social associations, electricity companies, municipal utilities, industrial companies with high energy consumption, companies producing e.g. wind and solar energy plants, investors, media, none of the above); three most important actors for the success of the Energiewende in Germany. Own contributions to the Energiewende: personal behaviour with regard to renewable energies (e.g. financial participation in a community plant that produces electricity from renewable energies on site, financial investment in renewable energies, etc.) and future willingness to behave. Conflicts; agreement with statements on the energy transition (I think it makes no sense that so many buildings in Germany are being insulated, energy transition is progressing too slowly to effectively protect the climate, landscape and nature conservation are sufficiently taken into account in the energy transition, costs of the energy transition in Germany are distributed too unevenly, restructuring of individual industries such as coal mining is fine, I feel disturbed or inconvenienced by wind turbines in my neighbourhood, I worry that many people in our country do not take the energy transition seriously enough). 5. Air travel: frequency of private air travel in the last 12 months; awareness of compensation payments; have ever made compensation payments themselves. 6. Respondent characteristics: items to identify social milieus: views on various aspects of life such as society, work and private life; fair share of the standard of living in Germany. 7. Environmental knowledge: knowledge test on various topics (renewable energies, energy consumption in the household, greenhouse effect, local public transport, formation of fertile soil, proportion of sealed land, groundwater pollution, air pollution, sustainability, Paris Agreement). Demography: sex; age; highest level of education; employment; living situation; household size; number of children under 18 in the household; respondent himself/herself or at least one of the parents moved to Germany from abroad (migration background); net household income (grouped); occupational status of current or former occupation; size of locality; housing status; living space at main residence; heated living space; federal state; region. Additionally coded: sequence number; serial number; social milieus and youth segments; environmental awareness (environmental effect, environmental cognition, intentional environmental behaviour); total environmental awareness; CO2 impact behaviour tonnes; weighting factor.Mit der Studie zum Umweltbewusstsein in Deutschland wird seit 1996 im Zweijahres-Rhythmus erforscht, wie sich Umweltbewusstsein und Umweltverhalten der Bevölkerung in Deutschland entwickeln. Ziel ist es, die in der Gesellschaft vorhandenen Denk- und Handlungsmuster zu verstehen und in eine bürgernahe Politik einfließen zu lassen. Die Befragung der ersten Welle umfasste Zeitvergleichsfragen zu Umweltqualität, Gesundheit, Lärm, zur Rolle von Umweltpolitik und freiwilliges Engagement; Mobilität und Verkehrswende; Landwirtschaft und ländliche Regionen; Fleischalternativen sowie die Bekanntheit von Umweltzeichen. Die zweite Befragungswelle umfasste Zeitvergleichsfragen zum Stellenwert von Umwelt- und Klimaschutz, dem Han

Future? Ask the Youth! (Environmental Consciousness in Germany - Youth Survey 2019)

In the youth study "Future? Ask the Youth!", sustainability-related views, attitudes and behaviours of young people between the ages of 14 and 22 were investigated. Specifically, it examined what young people think about the environment and climate, what concerns they have, how they get involved and what measures are important to them for environmental and climate protection. The study was conducted for the second time in 2019, following 2017. The youth study followed a participatory design with close involvement of a youth project advisory board.Wave 1: Topics: 1. Topic interests and general self-efficacy: interest in various topics; top 5 topic interests; general self-efficacy (in difficult situations I can rely on my abilities, I can cope well with most problems on my own, I can also usually solve strenuous and complicated tasks well). 2. Attitudes towards politics and society and political self-efficacy: importance of various social problems (e.g. social justice, economic development, crime, public safety, etc.); socio-political attitudes (it is very important to me to live in a democracy, I think it is good that the European Union exists, I think it is important to take part in elections, I am not really interested in politics, we need more economic growth in the future, even if it burdens the environment, it worries me when I think about the environmental conditions in which future generations will probably have to live); political self-efficacy (Political Efficacy Short Scale). 3. Environmental and climate policy: most important actors in environmental and climate protection (e.g. each and every individual, environmental associations, cities, municipalities, federal government, industry, media, schools and other educational institutions, scientists, people who invest a lot of money in certain shares, funds, etc.); sufficient activities of the aforementioned actors in Germany for environmental and climate protection; importance of central topics or demands of environmental and climate policy (e.g. limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius in the long term, introducing a tax on the emission of greenhouse gases harmful to the climate, etc.); most important topics of environmental and climate policy; most important measures of environmental and climate policy (e.g. financial support of environmentally and climate-friendly products and behaviour, higher taxation of environmentally and climate-damaging products and behaviour, etc.). Wave 2: Topics: 1. Fridays for future: knowledge of the Fridays for future movement; assessment of Fridays for future; willingness to commit to Fridays for future: current participation; willingness to (re)participate in Fridays for future in the future; most important reasons for (future) participation in Fridays for future; most important obstacles to participation in Fridays for future. 2. Influence and engagement: forms of political and social engagement so far (e.g. supported online actions and online petitions, participated in demonstrations, worked in a nature and environmental protection group, etc.); willingness to engage in different forms of political and social engagement. 3. Sustainability, social issues, digitalisation: Split 1: Synergies and conflicts of ecology and social issues: interest in social issues; opinion on the impact of environmental and climate protection on social goals (e.g. it is unfair that poorer people cannot afford environmentally friendly products, more environmental and climate protection in housing construction leads to higher rents, etc.). ); importance of various social issues; Split 2: Synergies and conflicts of sustainability and digitalisation: interests in the topic of digitalisation; opinion on the impact of increasing digitalisation on the environment and climate (e.g. digitalisation is harmful to the environment and climate because of the high power consumption of devices and data centres, more and more natural raw materials are mined for digital devices such as smartphones or computers, etc.); importance of various topics of digitalisation. 4. Information behaviour, environmental education and environmental knowledge: Sources of information on environmental protection and nature conservation; importance and existence of various participation-oriented projects and courses on sustainability topics at one´s own educational institution; action-relevant environmental knowledge (reasons why beef is harmful to the climate, most energy-saving lighting, environmental label of the Federal Government for environmentally friendly products, reduction of the greenhouse effect through building insulation, CO2 footprint of a product, reasons for using as little detergent and cleaning agent as possible, most environmentally harmful beverage packaging, threat to the population of wild bees, largest energy consumer in the household). Demography: sex; age (open and categories); educational attainment; level of education; current type of school (if student); current occupation (if not student); occupation; household type; sources of income (parents, own income, BAföG, scholarship, unemployment benefit or ALG II, other); migration background of the respondent or his/her parents; country of origin. Additionally coded were: Respondent ID; number of units; youth segments (idealistic, pragmatic, distanced); federal state; place size; east/west; weighting factor.In der Jugendstudie "Zukunft? Jugend fragen!" wurden nachhaltigkeitsbezogene Sichtweisen, Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen junger Menschen zwischen 14 und 22 Jahren untersucht. Konkret wurde untersucht, was junge Menschen über die Umwelt und das Klima denken, welche Sorgen sie haben, wie sie sich engagieren und welche Maßnahmen ihnen zum Umwelt- und Klimaschutz wichtig sind. Die Studie wurde nach 2017 im Jahr 2019 zum zweiten Mal durchgeführt. Die Jugendstudie verfolgte ein partizipatives Design unter enger Einbindung eines Jugendprojektbeirates.1. Welle: Themen: 1. Themeninteressen und allgemeine Selbstwirksamkeit: Interesse an verschiedenen Themen; Top 5 der Themeninteressen; allgemeine Selbstwirksamkeit (in schwierigen Situationen kann ich mich auf meine Fähigkeiten verlassen, die meisten Probleme kann ich aus eigener Kraft gut meistern, auch anstrengende und komplizierte Aufgaben kann ich in der Regel gut lösen). 2. Einstellungen zu Politik und Gesellschaft und politische Selbstwirksamkeit: Wichtigkeit verschiedener gesellschaftlicher Probleme (z.B. soziale Gerechtigkeit, wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, Kriminalität, öffentliche Sicherheit, etc.); gesellschaftspolitische Einstellungen (mir ist es sehr wichtig in einer Demokratie zu leben, ich finde gut, dass es die Europäische Union gibt, ich finde es wichtig an Wahlen teilzunehmen, Politik interessiert mich eigentlich nicht, wir brauchen in Zukunft mehr Wirtschaftswachstum, auch wenn das die Umwelt belastet, es beunruhigt mich, wenn ich daran denke, in welchen Umweltverhältnissen zukünftige Generationen wahrscheinlich leben müssen); politische Selbstwirksamkeit (Political-Efficacy-Kurzskala). 2. Nachhaltigkeit beim Konsum: aktuelle und zukünftige Bedeutung unterschiedlicher Konsumweisen (z.B. die neueste Technik zu haben, Kleidung nach der neuesten Mode zu tragen, ein Auto zu besitzen, viele Reisen zu unternehmen und viel zu erleben, möglichst preisgünstig einzukaufen, Dinge online zu kaufen, den Kauf von Plastikgegenständen zu reduzieren, sich vorwiegend vegetarisch oder vegan zu ernähren, etc.); Anreize bzw. wichtigste Aspekte für nachhaltiges Verhalten (z.B. wenn umweltschädliche Produkte teurer sind als andere, wenn es nicht so häufig neue Versionen von technischen Geräten gibt, wenn technische Geräte nicht so schnell kaputt gehen, etc.); Infrastruktur am Wohnort (z.B. ausreichend Einkaufsmöglichkeiten, viele Geschäfte, die umweltfreundliche Produkte anbieten, man kann bei Bauern oder in Hofläden einkaufen, nicht genug Auswahl in den Geschäften; Sharing-Möglichkeiten, etc.). 3. Umwelt- und Klimapolitik: wichtigste Akteure des Umwelt- und Klimaschutzes (z.B. jede und jeder Einzelne, Umweltverbände, Städte, Gemeinden, Bundesregierung, Industrie, Medien, Schulen und andere Bildungseinrichtungen, Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler, Leute, die viel Geld in bestimmte Aktien, Fonds usw. investieren); ausreichende Aktivitäten der vorgenannten Akteure in Deutschland für den Umwelt- und Klimaschutz; Bedeutung von zentralen Themen bzw. Forderungen der Umwelt- und Klimapolitik (z.B. die Erderwärmung langfristig auf 1,5 Grad Celsius beschränken, Einführung einer Steuer auf den Ausstoß von klimaschädlichen Treibhausgasen, etc.); wichtigste Themen der Umwelt- und Klimapolitik; wichtigste Maßnahmen der Umwelt- und Klimapolitik (z.B. finanzielle Unterstützung von umwelt- und klimafreundlichen Produkten und Verhaltensweisen, höhere Besteuerung umwelt- und klimaschädlicher Produkte und Verhaltensweisen, etc.). 2. Welle: Themen: 1. Fridays for future: Kenntnis der Bewegung Fridays for future; Beurteilung von Fridays for future; Engagement-Bereitschaft für Fridays for future: aktuelle Teilnahme; Bereitschaft für die zukünftige (Wieder)Teilnahme an Fridays for future; wichtigste Gründe für die (künftige) Teilnahme bei Fridays for future; wichtigste Hinderungsgründe für die Teilnahme bei Fridays for future. 2. Einflussmöglichkeiten und Engagement: Formen des bisherigen politischen und gesellschaftlichen Engagements (z.B. Online-Aktionen und Online-Petitionen unterstützt, an Demonstrationen teilgenommen, in einer Natur- und Umweltschutzgruppe mitgearbeitet, etc.); Bereitschaft zu verschiedenen Formen des politischen und gesellschaftlichen Engagements. 3. Nachhaltigkeit, Soziales, Digitalisierung: Split 1: Synergien und Konflikte von Ökologie und Sozialem: Interesse an sozialen Themen; Meinung zu den Auswirkungen von Umwelt- und Klimaschutz auf soziale Ziele (z.B. es ist unfair, dass sich ärmere Menschen umweltfreundliche Produkte nicht leisten können, mehr Umwelt- und Klimaschutz beim Wohnungsbau führt zu einer Verteuerung von Mieten, etc.); Wichtigkeit verschiedener sozialer Themen; Split 2: Synergien und Konflikte von Nachhaltigkeit und Digitalisierung: Interessen am Thema Digitalisierung; Meinung zu den Auswirkungen der zunehmenden Digitalisierung auf Umwelt- und Klima (z.B. Digitalisierung ist wegen des hohen Stromverbrauchs der Geräte und Rechenzentren schädlich für Umwelt und Klima, für digitale Geräte wie Smartphones oder Computer werden immer mehr natürliche Rohstoffe abgebaut, etc.); Wichtigkeit verschiedener Themen der Digitalisierung. 4. Informationsverhalten, Umweltbildung und Umweltwissen: Informationsquellen zu Umwelt- und Naturschutz; Bedeutung und Existenz von verschiedenen beteiligungsorientierten Projekten und Lehrveranstaltungen zu Nachhaltigkeitsthemen an der eigenen Bildungseinrichtung; handlungsrelevantes Umweltwissen (Gründe für die Klimaschädlichkeit von Rindfleisch, energiesparendste Beleuchtung, Umweltzeichen der Bundesregierung für umweltfreundliche Produkte, Reduzierung des Treibhauseffekts durch Gebäudeisolation, CO2-Fußabdruck eines Produktes, Gründe für die Verwendung von möglichst wenig Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel, umweltschädlichste Getränkeverpackung, Bedrohung für den Bestand von Wildbienen, größter Energieverbraucher im Haushalt). Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter (offen und Kategorien); Bildungsabschluss; Bildungsgrad; aktuelle Schulform (wenn Schüler/in); aktuelle Tätigkeit (wenn nicht Schüler/in); Tätigkeit; Haushaltsform; Einkommensquellen (Eltern, eigenes Einkommen, BAföG, Stipendium, Arbeitslosengeld oder ALG II, Sonstiges); Migrationshintergrund des Befragten oder seiner Eltern; Herkunftsland. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Anzahl der Einheiten; Jugendsegmente (Idealistische, Pragmatische, Distanzierte); Bundesland; Ortsgröße; Ost/West; Gewichtungsfaktor

Environmental Consciousness in Germany 2020

The study series “Environmental Consciousness in Germany” has been conducted every two years since 1996 on behalf of the Federal Ministry for the Environment and the Federal Environment Agency to investigate how environmental awareness and environmental behavior are developing among the population in Germany. The aim is to understand the existing patterns of thought and action in society and to anticipate the needs of different population groups. The main survey 2020 was conducted by infas Institute for Applied Social Sciences from November 1 to December 8, 2020. In addition to updating the central time series questions of the study series on environmental awareness, it included an extensive block of questions on this year´s main topic of “Climate protection and socio-ecological transformation”. As part of the main survey, a total of 2,115 people in Germany aged 14 and over were interviewed online (CAWI = computer assisted web interview). The people were recruited via the infas ad hoc panel. The panel participants were recruited using a random sample of landline and mobile phone numbers (dual frame). Due to the large scope of the survey, three additional telephone surveys on specific topics were conducted in addition to the main survey. These covered the topics of “Economic structural change”, “Heating with wood” and “Climate adaptation”. For each of the additional surveys, 1,000 people in Germany aged 18 and over were interviewed by telephone. The surveys each comprised around ten questions. The surveys took place in November 2020 (topic of economic structural change), in April 2021 (topic of heating with wood) and in September 2021 (topic of climate adaptation), each as part of a representative omnibus survey. The framework of this multi-topic survey, which is conducted monthly by infas on the basis of a dual-frame sample in the ADM master sample, is a compact, purely social and political science-oriented questionnaire. The relevant topics were placed in a suitable position.A) Main survey: Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on personal life situation; importance of various socio-political issues (social justice, economic development, crime, public safety, wars, terrorism, environmental and climate protection, digitalization, unemployment, immigration, integration, state of the education system, state of the healthcare system, development of urban and rural areas, course and consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, data protection); areas where change is urgently needed (sufficient and affordable housing, better job opportunities and fair wages, improvement of educational opportunities, more environmental, nature and climate protection, integration of immigrants, improvement of public safety, more investment in infrastructure (such as road and rail networks, electricity and heating networks), reduction of poverty and social inequality, preventing discrimination and equal opportunities for all, strengthening healthcare and care, advancing digitalization, supply of healthy and affordable food); self-assessment of environmental awareness. Politics and environmental quality: assessment of environmental quality in the city/municipality, in Germany and worldwide; assessment of the commitment of various actors to environmental protection (environmental associations, cities and municipalities, federal government, federal states, European Union, United Nations (UN), industry and business; citizens, science); importance of the requirements of environmental and climate protection in the following policy areas (economic policy, labor market policy, social policy, foreign policy, transport policy, agricultural policy, energy policy, tax and financial policy, urban development policy/urban and regional planning, health policy and education policy). Environmental awareness and behavior: Agreement with various statements on the environment (it worries me when I think about the environmental conditions we are leaving behind for future generations, man-made environmental problems such as deforestation or plastic in the oceans outrage me, I am happy when people simply try out sustainable lifestyles, I am annoyed when environmentalists want to tell me how I should live, more environmental protection also means better quality of life and health for everyone, there are natural limits to growth that our industrialized world has long since reached, we should all be prepared to reduce our current standard of living for the benefit of the environment, each individual has a responsibility to ensure that we leave an environment worth living in for future generations, we must find ways to live well independently of economic growth, environmental protection is often used as an excuse to raise prices); personal behavior (frequency) when buying and using products and services (I buy food from controlled organic cultivation, when shopping I choose products with an environmental label such as the Blue Angel, the EU organic label or the EU Ecolabel, I eat meat for my main meals, I use a bicycle, public transport or walk for my everyday journeys, when buying household appliances I choose appliances with a particularly good energy efficiency rating, I heat my home in winter so that I am warm enough even in a T-shirt, I consciously limit my consumption in everyday life); active environmental protection behavior (donations to environmental or nature conservation groups, commitment to environmental and nature conservation, household purchases green electricity, avoiding air travel for climate protection reasons). Exposure: Extent of health exposure to environmental pollution and environmental pollutants; level of perceived noise exposure from rail traffic noise, road traffic noise, air traffic noise, industrial and commercial noise and noise from the neighborhood. Focus topic climate protection and socio-ecological transformation: Interest in the topic of climate change and climate protection; informedness about the topic of climate change and climate protection; causes of climate change; responsibility of various actors for climate protection (environmental associations, cities and municipalities, federal government, federal states, European Union, United Nations (UN), industry and business; citizens, science); preferred use of the CO2 price; willingness to contribute to climate protection with the following actions: Switching to a green electricity tariff, heating the home less in winter, buying household appliances with a very good energy efficiency rating even more consistently, using the car less often for everyday journeys, giving up air travel completely or partially, eating fewer meals with meat, consuming less overall, living in less living space; commitment to climate protection (publishing opinions, e.g. in social media, convincing others of climate protection in conversations, voting for a party that supports climate protection, participating in demonstrations for climate protection, signing online petitions or initiatives, actively participating in initiatives or organizations, donating money, investing money ecologically, e.g. in ecological funds, solar or wind energy projects); commitment in the aforementioned areas is conceivable in principle; evaluation of global movements for climate protection (great respect for people´s commitment, climate activists mainly spread exaggerated panic and excitement, actions of climate activists an important impetus to do more for climate protection, climate activists not credible, support the concerns of these movements); opinion on slowing down climate change (not dramatic, therefore no need, can be solved with technology without having to fundamentally change lifestyles, fundamental change in lifestyle necessary, politicians must act more quickly and consistently, decisive action necessary at all levels); important areas of political action to advance climate protection (make climate-damaging products more expensive so that climate-friendly products become more competitive, tighten ecological requirements for products, technologies and services, better label climate-friendly products, strengthen education and training for more climate protection, promote the development of climate-friendly products and technologies more strongly, ban particularly climate-damaging products, reduce climate-damaging subsidies); agreement with general statements on climate change (climate change also threatens the basis of life here in Germany, our way of life makes us partly responsible for the consequences of climate change in poorer countries, when it comes to the consequences of climate change, many things are greatly exaggerated, I am afraid of the consequences of climate change, I can´t also take care of climate protection, I personally often lack the opportunities to do something for climate protection, it makes me angry when I see that Germany is failing to meet its climate protection targets, climate change is already happening, so we should urgently take measures to adapt to its consequences); opinion on Germany´s commitment to climate protection (industrialized countries like Germany have an international obligation to lead the way in climate protection, Germany´s climate protection targets should be more ambitious because we are currently doing too little to meet the Paris Agreement, it is in Germany´s own interest to lead the way in climate protection, this creates jobs and strengthens international competitiveness, Germany has more pressing problems and should not lead the way in climate protection, Germany should provide more support to other countries in climate protection and in dealing with the consequences of climate change); assessment of the commitment in the areas of nutrition and food supply as well as agriculture and food production with regard to the following goals: ensure low food prices, create better supply of locally sourced food, reduce packaging waste, create better supply of vegetarian and vegan products and meals, ensure less food is thrown away, create better supply of healthy/balanced food, ensure food is free of pesticides and contaminants, expand organic farming, reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, ensure fair wages and working conditions for workers in the production and processing of food, ensure the welfare of farm animals, make the cultivation and production of food more environmentally friendly, halt the decline in biodiversity, e.g. in birds and insects; and e.g. birds and insects; opinion on the implementation of various measures in the areas of nutrition and food supply as well as agriculture and food production (introduce a uniform seal of approval that makes transparent which animal welfare standards are met, tighten the ecological requirements for food packaging, improve the range of vegetarian and vegan dishes in canteens and restaurants, expand state requirements for limiting food waste, carry out information and advice campaigns on climate-friendly nutrition, e.g. in schools and canteens, strengthen regional value chains in food production, promote the expansion of agriculture more strongly, link agricultural subsidies / state aid to the ecological performance of farmers, use in schools and canteens, strengthen regional value chains in food production, promote the expansion of organic farming more strongly, link agricultural subsidies / state aid to the ecological performance of farmers, reduce the use of pesticides, reduce the use of fertilizers); evaluate the commitment in the area of mobility with regard to the following goals: reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport, ensure that everyday journeys can be made practicably and conveniently without a car, increase road safety, ensure that everyday journeys can be made cost-effectively, reduce traffic noise, reduce air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, improve the accessibility of public transport; opinion on the implementation of various measures in the area of mobility (making local public transport cheaper for users, expanding the local public transport network and serving stops more frequently, expanding state funding for charging infrastructure for electric vehicles, including for charging at home, create more cycle paths and cycle lanes, introduce a speed limit of 130 km/h on freeways, change the distribution of road space so that there is more room for cycling and walking and less for cars, introduce a mileage-based car toll, reduce the health impact on people who live on busy roads, e.g. by limiting the speed limit. e.g. by limiting speed limits or driving bans); changing the personal importance of climate protection due to the coronavirus crisis. Consumption and use: Frequency of use of different means of transport (car (without car sharing), car sharing vehicles, buses and trains in the region, bicycle, train from 100 km distance); airplane use for private travel in 2019; number of air travels in 2019 in short-haul, medium-haul and long-haul, awareness of the possibility of CO2 compensation; self-compensation payments made for all flights, for individual flights in 2019, not self-compensated, but airline or tour operator compensated the flight, no CO2 compensation; number of cars available in the household; reasons why no car in the household; mileage in kilometers per year with this car; driving license possession; car sharing membership in the household (myself, another household member, none); living space in square meters; energy requirements of the main residence; amount of monthly down payment for electricity; estimate of electricity consumption; purchasing behavior (sometimes I consciously afford the very best quality, I make a point of always having the latest technology, e.g. computer or smartphone, I make a point of wearing the latest fashionable clothes, when shopping I always look for good deals, I am often unsure which products are actually environmentally friendly). Demography: Self-assessment of health status; interest in politics; sex; age; highest school-leaving qualification or university degree; main occupation; residential status; household composition; household size; number of children in the household up to 5 years, from 6 to 10 years, from 11 to 13 years and from 14 to 17 years; migration background (self or parent(s); net household income; occupational group; location; party preference; federal state; residential area. Additionally coded: sequential number; weighting factor; extrapolation factor; core dimension environmental effect as UBS 2018 (items partially changed), core dimension environmental behaviour as UBS 2018; core dimension environmental cognition as UBS 2018 (reduced); 6-cluster solution; CO2 footprint in tons/year. B) Additional surveys: 1. Economic structural change: Attitude towards economic structural change (I fundamentally reject economic structural change in order to protect the climate, switching to environmentally and climate-friendly products and production processes offers great employment opportunities that should be exploited, jobs affected by structural change should be retained for as long as possible, politicians should drive structural change forward swiftly but also in a socially responsible manner, there should be support programs, There should be support programs to help companies switch to climate-friendly production processes and products, regions severely affected should receive extensive financial support for sustainable structural change, all those affected should be involved in the planning and implementation of changes, preserving jobs is more important than climate protection, the workforce should be better qualified for future-oriented activities (e.g. production of electric vehicles or energy-efficient renovation of buildings), environmentally harmful or climate-damaging products and production processes should no longer be subsidized); political requirements in relation to the change towards a climate-friendly lifestyle (financial support for people on low incomes if the costs of electricity and heating or mobility increase due to climate protection measures, nationwide advice programs for low-income households that help to save energy costs in housing, subsidy programs for low-income households to purchase energy-saving household appliances, legal regulation to ensure that warm rent does not increase after energy-efficient renovation); right-left self-classification; party preference (Sunday question). Demography: sex; marital status; nationality; born in Germany; school-leaving qualification; occupational status; household size; number of people aged 18 and over in the household; age of the target person at the time of the survey; age (categorized); employment status; migration background. Additionally coded: consecutive interview number; interview date (year, month, day) Interview number; interview date (year, month, day); top-bottom scale - grouped; net equivalent income grouped; number of persons under 18 in the household; economic status; federal state; settlement structure region type of the BBSR overall information; EU urban-rural overall information; weighting factors; Nielsen areas; BIK municipality size classes overall information; area unit (west/east) overall information, Berlin West; area unit (west/east) Berlin shown separately. 2. Wood stoves: Wood stove in the house/apartment; frequency of heating with this wood stove in the cold season; reasons for using a wood stove (comfort and coziness, reduce heating costs of the main heating, contribution to climate protection, independent of imported oil and gas); other reasons for using a wood stove (open); evaluation of the following statements on wood stoves as correct or incorrect: Wood stoves and other wood-burning appliances together emit more particulate matter than the engines of cars, trucks and buses; burning wood in a wood stove has no negative impact on the climate; particulate matter from wood stoves is less harmful to health than particulate matter from the engines of cars, trucks and buses; Agreement with various statements on the subject of wood-burning stoves (I feel affected by the smoke and smell of wood-burning stoves in the neighborhood, using wood as a building material makes more sense than burning it in the stove, the legal regulations for wood-burning stoves in Germany are strict enough, heating with wood can contribute to climate protection because fossil fuels are saved, I find wood-burning stoves problematic because they impair air quality); Self-assessment of environmental awareness; interest in climate change and climate protection; residential status; right-left self-assessment; party preference (Sunday question). Demography: sex; marital status; nationality; born in Germany; school-leaving qualification; occupational status; household size; number of persons aged 18 and over in the household; age of the target person at the time of the interview; age (categorized); employment status; migration background. Additionally coded: consecutive interview number; interview date (year, month); top-bottom scale - grouped; net equivalent income grouped; number of persons under 18 years of age in the household; economic status; federal state; settlement-structural region type of the BBSR overall information; weighting factor; EU city-country overall information. 3. Climate adaptation: Interest in the topic of climate change and climate protection; level of conviction that we in Germany can overcome the problems resulting from climate change; level of concern about possible future consequences of climate change (flood events or storms lead to damage to my house or apartment, heat waves or periods of hot weather affect my physical well-being or my health, heat waves or periods of hot weather affect my performance, for example at work); agreement with various statements on climate change (I feel sufficiently informed about the possible risks that may be associated with the consequences of climate change for me personally, I think that I am taking sufficient personal precautionary measures, I believe that my city or municipality is sufficiently concerned with the issue and that sufficient precautionary measures are being taken); measures taken to prepare for and prevent climate change (I inform myself about how I should behave in the event of a disaster, for example in the event of extreme weather events or flooding, I insure my house or apartment as part of a natural hazard insurance policy), I insure my house or apartment against climate-related damage caused by floods, landslides, and avalanches, I use warning and information services such as pollen information services, heat warning services or flood warning services, I change my leisure or vacation planning (e.g. I avoid particularly strenuous activities or hot vacation regions), I change my winter sports activities); intended implementation of the aforementioned measures; self-assessment of environmental awareness; right-left self-assessment; party preference (Sunday question). Demography: sex; marital status; nationality; born in Germany; school-leaving qualification; occupational status; household size; number of persons aged 18 and over in the household; age of the target person at the time of the interview; age (categorized); employment status; migration background. Additionally coded: consecutive interview number; interview date (year, month); top-bottom scale - grouped; net equivalent income grouped; number of persons under 18 years of age in the household; economic status; federal state; settlement-structural region type of the BBSR overall information; EU city-country overall information weighting factor; Nielsen areas.Mit der Studienreihe „Umwelt

Mechanical cleaning of pleasure boats: Symposium, 25. Januar 2000, Düsseldorf

Auf jedem im Seewasser und Binnengewässer befindlichen Hartsubstrat siedelt sich oft üppiger Bewuchs aus Algen und Meerestieren an, so auch am Unterwasserrumpf von Schiffen und Booten. Dadurch wird der Reibungswiderstand drastisch erhöht, so dass sich die Fahrzeiten verlängern und der Treibstoffverbrauch sowie die Abgasemissionen steigen. Der Anspruch der Schiffahrt und des Wassersports auf eine wirksame Bewuchs-Bekämpfung bleibt daher unbestritten. Der Bewuchs auf den Schiffs- bzw. Bootsrümpfen wird bisher erfolgreich mit biozidhaltigen Unterwasseranstrichen bekämpft. Diese töten jedoch nicht nur die Aufwuchsorganismen sondern haben auch eine schädliche Auswirkung auf andere im Wasser lebenden Organismen. Insbesondere in der Nähe von Häfen und Gewässern mit dichtem Schiffsverkehr reichern sich die in den Unterwasseranstrichen verwendeten schwer abbaubaren Biozide wie z.b. Triorganozinn-Verbindungen, Kupfer und Triazine in den Sedimenten und Biota an. Das führte zunächst 1990 zu einem Verbot der Verwendung organozinnhaltiger Unterwasseranstriche für Schiffe gleich/kleiner 25 m Länge. Inzwischen haben eine Reihe von europäischen Ländern Restriktionen für die Verwendung weiterer Biozide, wie z.B. Kupfer, im Sportbootbereich vorgenommen. Als Reaktion auf die bereits erfolgten und über die Biozidrichtlinie hinaus drohenden Anwendungsbeschränkungen haben die Farbhersteller bereits erste biozidfreie Unterwasseranstriche und Anstriche auf Bais natürlicher Biozide entwickelt und auf den Markt gebracht. Eine weitere alternative Möglichkeit, den Unterwasserrumpf vor Bewuchs zu schützen, ist die mechanische Reinigung, kombiniert mit biozidfreien Unterwasserbeschichtungen. Die mechanische Reinigung wird als potentielle biozidfreie Antifouling-Technologie sowohl für die Großschiffahrt als auch im Sportbootbereich angesehen. Die Forschungen und Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der biozidfreien Antifouling-Technologien stehen in engem Zusammenhang mit den gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen, die besonders im Sportbootbereich auf ein Verzicht von biozidhaltigen Antifoulinganstrichen abzielen