Linkage of Regional Models

For several years the activities of the Regional Development Task at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) have been directed towards the development of a system of regional models, the elements of which were elaborated over. the period 1977-1979. The final stage of the work, which involves the coordination of these individually developed models, is now nearing completion. However, before this system can become fully operational, three major problems have to be overcome. They concern the modeling approach, level of aggregation, and method of coordination to be used. The linkage problem is examined in this paper

Change Spectrum Characteristics Modification of Films Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering with the Assistance of Argon Ions Beam

Thin aluminum films were prepared using the method of magnetron sputtering with and without argon ion beam assistance. The influence of argon ion beam on the reflectivity in the UV range and the structure of aluminum films was studied. The structure of the films was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and atomic-force microscope (AFM). The study has shown that the films deposed with the assistance of the argon ion beam have more significant microstresses associated with an increase of crystallites microstructure defects as compared to the films deposed without ion assistance. Comparison of the measured reflectivity of aluminum films deposed without and with the assistance of the ion beam has shown that the films characterized by a higher level of microstructure def ects have increased reflectivity in the UV range. The studies suggest that the defects of thin aluminum films crystal structure influence its optical properties

Influence irradiation argon ion SnO[2] on optical and electrical characteristics

Tin oxide in the form of films has been deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering on glass substrates a room temperature. Process was carried out in such mode when the deposited films were conductive. The deposited films were irradiated with argon ions. Have been studied happening at that the changes optical and electric properties of films. Have been investigated optical properties of films in the range of 300-1100 nanometers by means of photometry. For research structure of films was used the x-ray diffractometry. Diffractometric researches have shown that the films deposited on a substrate have crystal structure from shares of a quasicrystal phase and after influence of argon ions she completely became quasicrystal. It is established that change transmission of a film correlates with change her electric resistance. Average value transmission in the range of 380-1100 nanometers as well as the electric resistance of a film with growth of irradiation time increases to the values exceeding initial. At the same time at irradiation time ~ 13,2 sec. are observed their slight decrease. To this value of irradiation time there corresponds the minimum value of electric resistance and transmission films. Change of transmission coefficient correlates with change of surface resistance

Software for Regional Studies: Analysis of Parametrical Multicriteria Models

This paper describes an approach to analyzing how the balanced states of a multicriteria model depend on the values of exogenous parameters. It provides, consistent with the model criteria, an algorithm that chooses the optimal form of the Pareto set. As an example, the paper explains the use of the approach for a regional water-distribution model

Modeling Dynamic Systems of Variable Structure

Reliable software tools for mathematical modeling have been developed for simulation models but for constrained optimization models progress has been slower. The following approach examines the possibility of working with large-scale mathematical models in a compact form permitting the direct analysis of input-output relations where information is transformed into a compressed mode (as opposed to aggregation procedures) without loss of accuracy. The article also describes the approach when applied to discrete dynamic models

Impacts of Price Variations on the Balance of World Trade

A standard mathematical model of a trade market is considered and the concept of an acceptable state of the market is introduced, which takes into account the requirements of all the partners. To evaluate the "distance" between the acceptable and current states of the market, a special mathematical approach is developed. This approach has been found useful for correcting the price vector to bring the states closer together

Magnetron deposition of TCO films using ion beam

Thin films of tin oxide (TO) were deposited on the glass substrates at room temperature using reactive magnetron sputtering at various oxygen partial pressures. After the deposition the films were irradiated with argon ions beam. The change of the optical and electrical properties of the films depending on the irradiation time was studied. Films optical properties in the range of 300-1100 nm were investigated by photometry as well as their structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction. Diffractometric research showed that the films, deposited on a substrate, have a crystal structure, and after argon ions irradiation they become quasi-crystalline (amorphous). It was found that the transmission increases proportionally with the irradiation time, but the surface resistance -disproportionally

Radiation-induced deposition of transparent conductive tin oxide coatings

The study of tin oxide films is stimulated by the search for an alternative replacement of indium-tin oxide (ITO) films used as transparent conductors, oxidation catalysts, material gas sensors, etc. This work was aimed at studying the influence of argon ions irradiation on optical and electrical characteristics of tin oxide films. Thin films of tin oxide (without dopants) were deposited on glass substrates at room temperature using reactive magnetron sputtering. After deposition, the films were irradiated with an argon ion beam. The current density of the beam was (were) 2.5 mA/cm{2}, and the particles energy was 300-400 eV. The change of the optical and electrical properties of the films depending on the irradiation time was studied. Films optical properties were investigated by photometry in the range of 300-1100 nm. Films structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction. The diffractometric research showed that the films, deposited on a substrate, had a crystal structure, and after argon ions irradiation they became quasi-crystalline (amorphous). It has been found that the transmission increases proportionally with the irradiation time, however the sheet resistance increases disproportionally. Tin oxide films (thickness ~30 nm) with ~100% transmittance and sheet resistance of ~100 kOhm/sq. were obtained. The study has proved to be prospective in the use of ion beams to improve the properties of transparent conducting oxides