White goods for white people? Drivers of electric appliance growth in emerging economies

Will everybody want and have a refrigerator, television and washing machine as incomes rise? Considerable uncertainty surrounds the likely increase in energy consumption and carbon emissions from rising incomes among the world's poor. We examine drivers of and predict appliance ownership using machine learning and other techniques with household survey data in India, South Africa and Brazil. Televisions and refrigerators are consistently preferred over washing machines. Income is still the predominant driver of aggregate penetration levels, but its influence differs by appliance and by region. The affordability of appliances, wealth, race and religion together, among other household characteristics, help explain the heterogeneity in appliance ownership at lower income levels. Understanding non-income drivers can be helpful to identify barriers to appliance uptake and to better forecast near term residential energy demand growth within countrie

Synergies and Trade-offs between Climate Mitigation and Universal Access to Clean Cooking Goals

The vast majority of scenarios assessed in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report fail to sufficiently analyze some of the critical linkages between climate and development. We use an integrated assessment modeling framework—the MESSAGE-Access model—to explore the effects of climate policy on the feasibility and costs of achieving a universal clean cooking goal by 2030 in South Asia. We analyze the interaction between these goals using a wide range of scenarios of mitigation stringency and access policy mechanisms, with particular attention to the distributional effects on different urban/rural and income groups. This analysis is made possible by the application of a novel two-stage optimization framework that combines a household-decision model with a social-choice model. We find that achieving universal clean cooking by 2030 will require substantial policy efforts and costs even in a world without climate policies, but costs could be up to 44% higher under stringent climate mitigation. Notably, the incremental costs associated with stringent mitigation fall well within the possible range of policy costs from inefficient access support policies

Droit de la santé et médecine légale

[Sommaire] Préambule. - Part. I: Droit de la santé: Contexte général [Ch. 7. Le système de santé suisse: présentation générale ; 9. Prévention des maladies et promotion de la santé]. - Professionnels de la santé et institutions sanitaires - Relations patients-soignants [choix éclairé des soins; confidentialité des données; communication des données] - Mesures médicales spéciales - Responsabilités - Mesures de protection - Substances thérapeutiques, contrôle du sang et sécurité alimentaires - Eléments de droit pénal. - Part. II: Médecine légale: Introduction - Constation du décès - Capacité et aptitude à conduire - Prise en charge des victimes de violence - L'ADN en médecine légale - Dopage - Psychiatrie médico-légale