13 research outputs found
Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner. Superfreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance. London: Penguin Books Ltd. 2009. 270 pages. Paperback. £ 14.99.
Behavioural economics is an emerging field and
superfreakonomics provides useful insights into human behaviour observed
with respect to issues that have economic implications. The underlying
theme of the book is that human beings respond to incentives. The
authors have set up a number of interesting examples to convey how
different incentives work. The case studies discussed in the book are
based on the authors’ recent academic research; motivated by fellow
economists as well as engineers and astrophysicists, psychotic killers
and emergency room doctors, amateur historians and transgender
neuroscientists. Most of the stories fall into one of the two
categories: things you always thought you knew but in fact did not; and
things you never knew you wanted to know, but do know. The authors, with
the help of data, show that drunk walking is eight times more dangerous
than drunk driving. The message is that the misaligned incentives
(penalties) are responsible for this—only drunk driving is penalised. To
show the influence of positive incentives the authors demonstrate how
cable TV might have improved the status of women in India. A baby Indian
girl, who does grow into adulthood, faces discrimination in provision of
education, health care and remuneration in job market. In a national
health survey, 51 per cent of Indian men said that wife-beating is
defensible under certain situations and more surprisingly, 54 per cent
of the women agreed. But things are changing, albeit at a slow pace. The
authors find that cable TV has empowered Indian rural women—families
with cable TV are more likely to have a lower birth rate and more
schooling
Impact of Remittances on Economic Growth and Poverty: Evidence from Pakistan
The study focused on the importance of remittances inflow and its implication for economic growth and poverty reduction in Pakistan. By using ARDL approach we analyze the impact of remittances inflow on economic growth and poverty in Pakistan for the period 1973-2007. The district wise analysis of poverty suggest that overseas migration contributes to poverty alleviation in the districts of Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan however NWFP is not portraying a clear picture. The empirical evidence shows that remittances effect economic growth positively and significantly. Furthermore the study also finds that remittances have a strong and statistically significant impact on poverty reduction thus suggesting that there are substantial potential benefits associated with international migration for poor people in developing countries like Pakistan. So the importance of remittance inflows can not be denied in terms of growth enhancement and poverty reduction that consequently improves the social and economic conditions of the recipient country.Remittances; Growth; Poverty; Pakistan
Testing the Fiscal Theory of Price Level in Case of Pakistan
The study tests the fiscal theory of price determination for Pakistan’s economy for the period 1970 to 2007. The evidence is less clear cut to infer that authorities are following a certain type of regime fiscal dominant or monetary dominant during the sample period. The liabilities responses negatively to the innovation in surpluses, that is in the subsequent period the liabilities decreases in face of increase in surplus. This characterises monetary dominant regime, the events that give rise to surplus innovation are likely to persist causing the rise in the future surpluses and surpluses pay-off some of the debt causing the fall in the liabilities. By analysing the behaviour of nominal GDP, an innovation in surplus reduces nominal income and decreases the level of debt in the subsequent periods, this analysis also confirms the Ricardian analysis. On the other hand, the study finds that, as predicted by the fiscal theory of price determination, the occurrence of wealth effects of changes in nominal public debt may pass through to prices by increasing inflation variability in case of Pakistan. The implication that comes out of this study is that nominal public liabilities, as reflected either in money growth or in nominal public debt, matter for price stability in case of Pakistan. The authorities may be following different regimes for different time periods during the 1970-2007.Fiscal Theory of Price Level, VAR, Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy
Economic, Political and Institutional Determinants of Budget Deficits Volatility in Selected Asian Countries.
In the present study the economic, political and institutional
sources of budgets deficits are analysed for two regions South Asia and
ASEAN countries for the period 1984 to 2010. The results reveal that
high income, rising inflation and large budget to GDP ratio are
associated with budget instability, where as a strong inertia in budget
deficit volatility exists. The exposure of more external shocks make the
budget deficit more volatile, however, countries with high population
growth have less volatile budget deficits. The results indicate that
high level of political stability and democracy and improvement in
social and economic condition reduces the budget deficit volatility.
High corruption and low institutional quality lead to more fluctuations
in the budget deficit. The results suggest that political and
institutional factors have a direct impact on fiscal instability beyond
the economic reasons to effect fluctuations. The results of the current
study leads to important implication that by improving the quality of
institutions, creating situations for economic stability and moving
towards democratic regimes would ensure more stable fiscal deficits and
resultantly positive effect on the long term economic growth. JEL
classification: H61, D70, E60 Keywords: Budget Deficits Volatility, Per
Capita GDP, Openness, Inflation, Political Stability, Institutional
Quality, Democracy and Corruptio
Dynamic Effects of Changes in Government Spending in Pakistan’s Economy.
This study analyses the effects of changes in government
spending on aggregate economic activity and the way these effects are
transmitted in case of Pakistan for the period 1971-2008. To analyse the
transmission mechanism of government spending innovations, the Vector
Autoregressive Model is estimated for following five variables:
government spending per capita, GDP per capita, consumption per capita,
debt to GDP ratio, long term interest rate and real exchange rate. The
consumption and output respond negatively to the innovation in
government spending which is consistent with the standard neoclassical
model. The interest rates increase in the face of expansionary fiscal
spending. As government debt builds up with fiscal expansion, the rising
risk of default or increasing inflation risk reinforce crowding out
through interest rates. The real exchange rate tends to appreciate in
response to rise in government spending. This finding is according to
the open economy literature and also with the conventional literature.
JEL classification: E21, E62, E63 Keywords: Government Spending, Vector
Autoregressive Model, Impulse Response Function, Neoclassical
Mode
Fiscal Policy and Current Account Dynamics in Case of Pakistan
The study empirically investigates the effects of fiscal policy or government budget deficit shocks on the current account and the other macroeconomic variable: real output, real interest rate and exchange rate for Pakistan over the period 1960-2009. The structural Vector Autoregressive model is employed; the exogenous fiscal policy shocks are identified after controlling the business cycle effects on fiscal balances. The results suggest that an expansionary fiscal policy shock improves the current account and depreciates the exchange rate. The rise in private saving and the fall in investment contribute to the current account improvement while the exchange rate depreciation. The twin divergence of fiscal deficit and current account deficit is also explained by the output shock which seems to drive the current account movements and its comovements with the fiscal balance.Restricted Vector Autoregressive model, current account, government budget deficit, fiscal policy, exchange rate
Analysis of Revenue Potential and Revenue Effort in Developing Asian Countries
Countries around the world are increasingly recognising that
the effective revenue system is the most important factor for economic
development. Factors effecting revenue potential measured as the revenue
to GDP has been one of the most important issues that concerns to
policy-makers from last three decades. Many developing countries face
difficulties in generating sufficient revenues for public expenditure.
In some countries budget deficits and the unproductive use of public
expenditures have narrow the vital investments in both human resources
and basic infrastructure that are necessary for providing base for
sustainable economic growth and development. Too much dependence on
foreign financing may cause problems of debt sustainability; therefore
developing countries will need to depend substantially on domestic
revenue generation. There is a large body of literature on tax revenue
potential in developing countries [Bahl (1971); Tanzi (1987); Leuthold
(1991); and Stotsky and Mariam (1997); Gupta (2007)]. However, there is
few studies that examine institutional and governance quality as a
factor influencing tax collection and tax revenue potential. According
to Tanzi and Davoodi (1997) and Gupta (2007) these factors are
responsible for low tax collection in developing countries by allowing
citizens inappropriate tax exemptions and enabling tax evasion due to
bad tax administration. Therefore, a precondition for ensuring adequate
revenue collection is a legitimate and responsive institutions following
the rule of law with control on corruption and having high quality
bureaucracy to administer. Studies also confirm that a strong political
will to reform is required for successful reform process [Bird (2004)].
Alm, et al. (2003) suggest that tax records of countries are reflection
of their political or societal institutions
Testing the Fiscal Theory of Price Level in Case of Pakistan
There are two competing views of the interaction between
monetary and fiscal policy and their effects on price stability for
policy-maker’s point of view. In the classical view, in Ricardian
regimes it is the demand for liquidity and its evolution over time that
determines prices. In such a regime fiscal policy is passive, which
implies that government bonds are not net wealth [Barro (1974)], and
monetary policy works through the interest rate or another instrument to
determine prices. In the opposite view which is more recent, a
non-Ricardian regime will prevail whenever fiscal policy becomes active1
and does not accommodate or adjust primary surpluses to guarantee fiscal
solvency. As a result, the Ricardian equivalence do not hold, and the
increase in nominal public debt to finance persistent budget deficits is
perceived by private agents as an increase in nominal wealth. In fiscal
dominant regime the government’s fiscal policy becomes sustainable
through debt deflation that is an increase in prices that wash away the
real value of public debt and in turn the real value of financial wealth
until demand equals supply and a new equilibrium is reached. In this
regime prices are determined by fiscal policy, and inflation becomes a
fiscal phenomenon. If, on the other hand, primary surpluses follow an
arbitrary process, then the equilibrium path of prices is determined by
the requirement known as fiscal solvency; that is, the price level has
to jump to satisfy a present value budget constraint called
non-Ricardian regime. The basic distinction between the two regimes is
that in non-Ricardian regime fiscal policy plays the role where as in
Ricardian regime monetary policy provides stability in prices. In FTPL,
the results of fiscal and monetary policies depend on which policy has
dominant characteristics. The consequences of policies differ depending
on the active and passive characteristics of the policy and depending on
the characteristics of the following policy. If the policy mix is such
that monetary policy is active and fiscal policy is passive, fiscal
policy accommodates monetary policies; these policies are called
dominant monetary policy by Sargent and Wallace (1981) and Ricardian
regime by Woodford (1994, 1995)
Impact of Remittances on Economic Growth and Poverty: Evidence from Pakistan
The study focused on the importance of remittances inflow and its implication for economic growth and poverty reduction in Pakistan. By using ARDL approach we analyze the impact of remittances inflow on economic growth and poverty in Pakistan for the period 1973-2007.
The district wise analysis of poverty suggest that overseas migration contributes to poverty alleviation in the districts of Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan however NWFP is not portraying a clear picture.
The empirical evidence shows that remittances effect economic growth positively and significantly. Furthermore the study also finds that remittances have a strong and statistically significant impact on poverty reduction thus suggesting that there are substantial potential benefits associated with international migration for poor people in developing countries like Pakistan. So the importance of remittance inflows can not be denied in terms of growth enhancement and poverty reduction that consequently improves the social and economic conditions of the recipient country
Fiscal Policy and Current Account Dynamics in Case of Pakistan
The study empirically investigates the effects of fiscal policy or government budget deficit shocks on the current account and the other macroeconomic variable: real output, real interest rate and exchange rate for Pakistan over the period 1960-2009. The structural Vector Autoregressive model is employed; the exogenous fiscal policy shocks are identified after controlling the business cycle effects on fiscal balances. The results suggest that an expansionary fiscal policy shock improves the current account and depreciates the exchange rate. The rise in private saving and the fall in investment contribute to the current account improvement while the exchange rate depreciation. The twin divergence of fiscal deficit and current account deficit is also explained by the output shock which seems to drive the current account movements and its comovements with the fiscal balance