The morphology of the afferent and efferent domain of the sheep glomerulus

Background: It is important to know the morphology of the glomerulus in order to explain kidney infiltration. The present study aims to research the morphology of afferent and efferent domains of sheep kidney glomeruli. Materials and methods: In this study, 2000 glomeruli from 20 kidneys of Akkaraman sheep were examined using the polyester resin method. Results: It was found that the glomeruli of sheep kidney usually had an afferent arteriole as well as an efferent arteriole. Besides, it was also found that five glomeruli had two efferent arterioles. It is known that the afferent domain constitutes the largest part of the glomerulus. In two of the glomeruli that we examined, the afferent domain formed the 1/2 of the glomeruli wherein the other two glomeruli afferent domain formed the 3/4.Conclusions: It is known that there are many anastomoses between the afferent and efferent domain of capillaries. However, it is not well-explained how anastomosis is created between the afferent and efferent domains. In our study, it was identified that those anastomoses were not inside the lobes but between the surrounding capillaries

An unique unilateral tendon variation of the extensor digitorum longus muscle

Purpose: The double tendon of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was observed on the left leg of a 80-year-old male cadaver. Methods: A male cadaver 80 years old was subjected to routine anatomical dissection for research and teaching purposes. Results: The main tendon of the EDL muscle started just at the end of the muscle belly. However, the accessory tendon started at the tendinous end of the muscle as a continuation of the muscle. The main and accessory tendons split into two more slips after passing through the same tunnel below the extensor retinaculum. There was also difference on ending of the tendon slips of EDL muscle. The main tendon divided into two tendinous slips on the dorsum of the foot attached to the second and third toes. The accessory tendon divided into two tendinous slips on the dorsum of the foot attached to the fourth and the fifth toes. Conclusion: Knowledge of the tendons and anatomical differences of this muscle is important for surgeons in interventional procedures involving the dorsum of the foot. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature

Anatomic and morphometric examination of auditory ossicles in sheep

It is important to know the morphometry of the auditory ossicles for middle ear surgical applications. The present study aims to investigate the morphometric measurements of sheep auditory ossicles and the relationship between these ossicles. In this study, 100 malleus, incus and stapes of 50 Akkaraman sheep were examined using at trinocular stereo microscope and a total of 19 morphometric measurements were taken. The mean values of the morphometric measurements were obtained, and correlation analysis was performed between each part of each auditory ossicle. Similarities were found between the measurements of the lengths of the malleus, manubrium mallei and incus, and the width of the base of the stapes with morphometric measurements in human auditory ossicles. A significant positive correlation was found between the length of the malleus with the length of the manubrium mallei, between the length of the incus with the lengths of the long crus and corpus incudis, between the length of the stapes with the lengths of the rostral crus, caudal crus, caput stapedis, and the length and width of the intercrural foramen. Due to the anatomic similarities between sheep and human auditory ossicles, it was concluded that the auditory ossicles of sheep are suitable for use in the training of human ear surgery applications

Anatomical variations of the formation of human sural nerve in stillborns

WOS: 000433987700009Introduction: The sural nerve (SN) is formed by the union of the medial and lateral sural cutaneous nerves (MSCN, LSCN) of the leg that originate from the tibial and common peroneal nerves. Sural nerve is used for various reasons in surgical operations. The sural nerve is universally recognized by surgeons as a site for harvesting an autologous nerve graft The aim of this study was to describe the course, variations, morphometric analysis and some clinically significant relations of the human sural nerve in stillborns. Methods: The study was carried out on 18 Turkish stillborns, 12 males and 6 females. The formation of sural nevre was classified into three main groups. The site of formation of the sural nerve was observed and the length of the sural nerve components were measured. Results: Three types of SN formation were observed. Type A (anastomotic type) was seen in 33 of the observed 36 legs (92%). The site of formation of the SN by union of the MSCN and LSCN was 30% (10/33). In males, the mean length of MSCN was 24.59 +/- 14.84 mm and 27.45 +/- 23.30 mm in females. Discussion: This study was performed to ensure an anatomical and morphometrical description of the sural nerve and its components in 18 embalmed stillborns. Due to its great importance in neurosurgery and plastic surgery, the formation type, course and formation level of the sural nerve have been studied on different races and age groups since the beginning of the last century. (C) 2018 Anatomical Society of India. Published by Elsevier, a division of RELX India, Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

Evaluation of effects of bupivacaine and isoflurane on pancreas damage after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: An experimental study

Recent studies have shown that renal ischemia-reperfusion injury can have detrimental effects on distant organs such as the brain, liver and lungs. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury on pancreatic functions. Materials and Methods. Twenty four male adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Sham and control group animals were not given any medications. Animals in groups 3 and 4 were treated with epidural bupivacaine and isoflurane inhalation. Animals in all groups except for the sham group were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia for 45 minutes and subsequent reperfusion. Blood samples were collected before ischemia, immediately after reperfusion and 2h after reperfusion. Serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, amylase and lipase levels were measured, and pancreatic sections were histopathologically examined for the presence and severity of congestion, degenerative cellular changes, cytoplasmic vacuolization and leukocytic infiltration. Levels of malondialdehyde, endogenous antioxidant enzyme catalase and reduced glutathione were measured in pancreatic tissue sections by using colorimetric kits. Results. Serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels increased in rats subjected to renal ischemia-reperfusion. There was no difference between the groups in terms of pancreatic tissue malondialdehyde, catalase and glutathione levels. Conclusion. In conclusion, bilateral renal ischemia for 45 minutes led to significant impairment in pancreatic function and changes in pancreas histology. These findings might be due to antioxidant deficiency and increased lipid peroxidation in pancreatic tissue. © Erbesler Z.A., Ulcay T., 2021. All rights reserved

The origin and branching of medial calcaneal nerve in newborn foetuses

WOS: 000355389400001Introduction: Entrapment of the medial heel region nerves is often mentioned as a possible cause of heel pain. Some authors have suggested that the medial calcaneal nerve (MCN) may be involved in such heel pain. The aim of the present study is to describe the variations of the origin of the medial calcaneal nerve and its branching patterns in the medial aspect of the calcaneus which establishes an anatomical guide for diagnosis and therapy of some tarsal region diseases. Material and methods: The formation and course of the MCN were traced to its branches in the distal ankle with the use of 4.8 X stereomicroscope (Carl-Zeis) or 28 X loop magnification for dissections of 36 newborn feet of formalin fixed cadavers. Results: The MCN originated from the tibial nerve (TN) in 61.1% and from the lateral plantar nerve (LPN) 16.7%, bilaterally. It branches from the TN on the right side and from the LPN on the left side in 11.1%, from the LPN on the right side and from the TN on the left side in 11.1%.The MCN consisted of 1 terminal branch in 3 out of 36 feet, 2 terminal branches in 28 out of 36, and 3 terminal branches in 5 out of 36. Discussion: The course and the origin of MCN on the medial aspect of the heel and its terminal branches were quite different. These variabilities will enable the surgeon to find and preserve the MCN and its terminal branches. Copyright (C) 2014, Anatomical Society of India. Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved

A golden ratio for foramen magnum: an anatomical pilot study

Background: The foramen magnum (FM) is an important landmark because of its close relationship to key structures such as the brainstem and spinal cord, an extension of the medulla oblongata. Because of the similarity in their shape, the existence of a relationship between cranial length and anteroposterior diameter of the FM, and between cranial width and transverse diameter of the FM may reveal the magnificent harmony of the skull and FM. Based on this idea, we investigated the existence of this harmony in skulls that we used in our study. Materials and methods: In this study, 60 adult dry skulls belonging to the Turkish population were examined. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum and the length and width of the skull were measured. Measurements were made directly on the skull using a digital sliding calliper. New indices and ratios were applied with those measurements.Results: Our study suggests that FM width and FM length could be estimated by using the cranial length and cranial width measurements in the skull by accepting the mean of these coefficients (4.62) as the golden ratio. The average of the coefficients of cranial width to FM width ratio (4.62 ± 0.35 [95% CI: 4.52–4.70]) and the average of the coefficients of cranial length to the FM length ratio (4.62 ± 0.50 [95% CI: 4.49–4.76]) were found to be equal to each other. In order to check the accuracy of this hypothesis, FM width and FM lengths were estimated with the help of new equations.Conclusions: In the present study, the ratio between the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of both FM and the cranium was estimated at 4.62, indicating a magnificent harmony between cranial and subcranial structures. Withthis ratio, it is easy to estimate FM’s size based on simple cranial measurements. (Folia Morphol 2022; 81, 1: 220–226

Lateral Epikondilitli Bireylerde PRP Uygulamasının Etkinliği

Poster Bildiri olarak sunulmuştur.Lateral epikondilit, en fazla tanı konulan dirsek yan ağrı nedenidir. Lateral epikondilitin kesin nedeni bilinmemekle birlikte, el bilek ve parmak ekstansörlerinin lateral epikondil üzerine neden olduğu aşırı mekanik yüklenmenin bu patolojiye sebep olduğu düşünülmektedir. Literatürde lateral epikondilit için çok sayıda tedavi metodu önerilmiştir. Bunlar konservatif olarak alçı-atel ile istirahat, fizik tedavi modaliteleri, vücut dışı şok dalgası, botulinum toksini, steroid olmayan antiinflamatuar ilaçlar, kortikosteroid enjeksiyonu, tam kan enjeksiyonu olarak sıralanabilir. Platelet Rich Plazma (PRP) uygulaması; hastadan alınan venöz kanın santrifüje edilerek bileşenlerine ayrılması ve ortaya çıkan trombosit yönünden zengin plazmanın aynı hastaya enjeksiyon ile verilmesi işlemidir. PRP; 1990’lı yılların başında maksilofasyal ameliyatlar ve plastik cerrahi ameliyatlarında uygulanmaya başlanmış; günümüzde ortopedik girişimler, dental oral girişimler, kozmetik dermatoloji, kronik yara ve ülser tedavisi gibi çeşitli alanlarda kullanılmaktadır. PRP’nin intratendinöz uygulanmasında, içerdiği büyüme faktörleri ve sitokinler sayesinde tendon iyileşmesi ve doku rejenerasyonunun arttığı belirtilmiştir. Bu bildiride, yeni bir yöntem olan PRP‘nin etkinliği ile ilgili literatür çalışmaları incelenmiştir. Çalışmalarda; uygulamanın kısa sürmesi ve az yan etkiye sahip olma avantajına sahip PRP ile ağrının azaldığı, kavrama gücünün arttığı ve tendon kalınlıklarının azaldığı kanıtlanmıştır. Ancak; yapılacak çalışmalarda ,tedavi edilen bölge özelliği, hastanın genel sağlık durumu ve yaralanmanın tipi gibi faktörlerin PRP etkinliğini değiştirebileceği göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır