Kinetics of invertase synthesis by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in synthetic medium

Present investigation deals with optimization of appropriate substrate concentration and incubation temperature both for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and invertase production. Submerged fermentation technique was employed in the present study. The maximal production of invertase during the course of study was achieved after 48 h of incubation using initial sucrose concentration, 15.0 g l-1. The sugar consumption and dry cell mass were also examined. Data was subjected to kinetic analysis and on the basis of kinetic parameters such as Yp/x (amount of enzyme produced mg-1 cell mass), Yp/s (amount of enzyme produced mg-1 sugar consumed), Yx/s (mg cells mg-1 substrate consumed), Ys/x (mg sugar consumed mg-1 cell mass produced), qp (Amount of enzyme produced mg-1 sugar consumed h-1), qs (mg mg-1 cells h-1), qx (mg cells mg-1 sugar consumed h-1), µ (mg cells produced h-1), it was found that temperature had a direct influence both on substrate consumption and synthesis of enzyme. Similarly, higher concentrations of sucrose in fermentation medium induced catabolite repression of yeast invertase

Human Development in a Changing World

human development, growth, financing development, equity, reform

Life Satisfaction and Basic Needs among Elderly People in Pakistan: Evidence from the PSES Data

As an outcome of demographic transition the composition of the world’s population has changed. In turn percent share of population above 60 years of age will be doubled from 11 percent in 2010 to 22 percent in 2050 worldwide [United Nations (2011)]. Those countries which encountered demographic transition early are now facing the problem of ageing societies. In developing countries, demographic transition started late, and they have not yet encountered the problem of a large proportion of elderly in the population. However, in the coming years with the high proportion of elderly, these countries will also have to face the problems with their poor economic situation and burden of diseases. Therefore it will be a difficult task for developing countries to combat the problem of the large proportion of elderly in the population in the coming years if concrete steps have not been taken at this time. Pakistan, where demographic transition started in the 90’s, has almost six percent (more than nine million) of the population above 60 years of age in the year 2005, and it will rise to 16.5 percent (48 million) in the year 2050. If we look at the ageing index, which is the number of persons 60 years of age or above per hundred persons below 15 years of age, the value was 15.9 in 2005. It will rise to 29 in 2025 and further to 75.5 in the year 2050 due to decline in fertility and steady increase in life expectancy. The old-age dependency ratio has also increased from seven in 2005 to nine in 2025 and will reach 16 in the year 2050 [UN (2006)]

Heat and mass transfer analysis for crud coated PWR fuel

In water-cooled nuclear reactors, various species are present in the coolant, either in ionic solution, or entrained as very fine particles. Most arise from corrosion of primary circuit surfaces, or from chemicals, such as boric acid, lithium hydroxide, zinc and hydrogen, deliberately added to the coolant. These materials deposit on the surfaces of fuel pins, typically in the upper regions of the core, forming what is generally termed “crud”. This thesis reports a study of the thermal-hydraulic consequences of this deposit. These crud deposits are generally found to contain a large population of through-thickness chimneys, and it is believed that this gives rise to a wick-boiling mechanism of heat transfer. A coupled two-dimensional model of the processes of heat conduction, advection and species diffusion in the crud has been developed. An iterative scheme has been employed to solve the set of coupled equations of each process. The wick boiling process has been found to be an efficient heat transfer mode, taking away about 80% of the heat generated. It has also been found that consideration of heat transfer in the clad can increase the predicted solute concentration in the crud. The effects of some important parameters, such as chimney density, chimney radius, porosity of the crud, crud thickness, clad heat flux and boron concentration in the coolant have been investigated. The fuel thermal performance has been characterized in terms of an effective crud thermal conductivity, and the non-linear dependence this has on parameters such as crud thickness and chimney density had been determined. Lastly, it is observed that plausible pore sizes of the crud, coupled with higher temperatures in the crud, may be such that a film of vapour is generated at the base of the crud. Initial estimates are presented of the cladding temperatures and solute concentration that may be generated as a consequence of this vapour layer

Online Banner Advertising: A study of Consumer Responses to Various Factors

This study explores the role of the celebrity endorsement in consumer attitude formation and behavioral intention on the Web. The purpose of this paper is to identify how the various factors and interactivity influence attitude toward the target ads and click-through intention. The findings indicate that the celebrity factor of the online advertising possibly play not only the role of leverage as causal effect when consumers form their attitude toward the banner advertising, but also that theses factors indirectly influence click-through intention. Key words: online banner, attitude, celebrity, animatio

A Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Self Esteem: study in universities of Pakistan

The present investigation was conducted to assess the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and self esteem. 240 students and employees (120 male and 120 female) were selected through convenient sampling. The Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS by Schutte et al., 1998) and the Self-Esteem Rating Scale by W. R. Nugent, (1993) were administered on the participants. Emotional intelligence scores were compared with self esteem scores. The Pearson's product moment correlation and t- test were used for statistical analysis. The results showed that emotional intelligence and self esteem were positively correlated and significant. Females were emotionally intelligent than males as p<0.05 and males showed high self esteem than females. Keywords: Emotional intelligence, Self-estee