Effect of extraction methods on physicochemical, nutritional, antinutritional, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) seed kernel oil

The effect of three different extraction methods, namely supercritical CO2, soxhlet and solvent methods on the yield, efficiency, physico-chemical properties, nutritional, anti-nutritional composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) seed kernel oil was investigated in this study. Oil extraction for SC-CO2 were 37.76 g/100g and 98.43%, observed to be higher than those of soxhlet extraction (29.12 g/100g and 76.29%), and significantly lower than solvent extraction (22.12 g/100g and 57.99%). The physico-chemical composition of the oils showed considerable variation among the extraction methods. The SC-CO2 extracted oil was found to be of superior quality, showing negligible thermal degradation and exhibited significantly (p<0.01) higher nutritional and antioxidant activity and lower anti-nutritional composition than the soxhlet and solvent extracted oils. Oils produced by SC-CO2 and soxhlet extraction methods had antimicrobial activities higher than solvent extracted oil. SCCO2 extracted oil was found to have maximum number of bioactive compounds (14 compounds) followed by solvent (8 compounds) and soxhlet (4 compounds) extracted oil. The results of the study demonstrated that SC-CO2 would be a promising process for the extraction of moringa seed kernel oil of premium quality

Analytical review and study on multipath routing protocols

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) constitute a promising technology for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). VANET are highly dynamic in their nature because of the movements of vehicles, which are acting as nodes. The routing protocol must be designed for dealing with multiple limiting conditions, like link failures, handoffs, and long congestion periods, which is very challenging. The survey of different routing protocols in VANET provides a significant information for building smart ITS. Accordingly, the present survey is devoted to the existing distinct multipath routing protocols. This review article provides a detailed account on 50 research papers, presenting the different kinds of multipath routing protocols, namely proactive routing protocols, ad-hoc-based routing protocols, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), hybrid routing protocols, as well as geographic routing protocols. Besides the classification and cursory description, the present study addresses also several of the important parameters, like evaluation metrics, implementation tool, publication year, datasets utilized, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), and packet end-to-end delay with respect to various techniques considered. Eventually, the research gaps and issues of various multipath routing protocols are presented with the intention of pointing out directions for future research

Effect of Radio Frequency Heating on Physical and Biochemical Parameters of Black Pepper Powder

The effect of radio-frequency (RF) heating on quality parameters of powdered black pepper spice was investigated. Black pepper powder was treated with RF energy to achieve 70o C average temperature maintained for 15 minutes. There was no significant difference in colour, water activity and piperine content of RF-treated and untreated black pepper powder. The essential oil extracted from the treated and untreated black pepper powder was 0.52 g and 0.55 g, respectively. Total phenolic contents of black pepper essential oil were 0.29±0.02 mg GAE. g-1 oil for untreated sample and 0.30±0.02 for RF-treated sample. The results suggested that RF heating can be effectively used for black pepper powder without significant changes in its physical and biochemical parameters

Effect of Yeast Concentration on Quality Parameters of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) Fruit (cv. Umran) Wine during Ageing

The present investigation was carried on for production of ber wine using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus) for fermentation. The quality parameters of ber wine were predicted by Design-Expert 7.7.0 software for optimizing the process parameters. The results obtained at T4 treatment (5 % inoculum) were encouraging with TSS (7.61 Brix), pH (4.06), residual reducing sugars (5.22 %) and alcohol (10.92 %) on 0th day of ageing with desirability factor of 0.95 followed by the results obtained on 90th day of ageing for T4 treatment (5 % inoculum) were TSS (6.27 °Brix), pH (4.22), residual reducing sugars (4.71 %) and alcohol content (12.07 %) with desirability factor of 0.93

Identification of Suitable Complex Machine Learning Algorithms for Amylose Content Prediction in Rice with an IoT-based Colorimetric Sensor

102-113Rice ageing is a complex phenomenon that is hard to investigate thoroughly. Many physicochemical qualities change gradually because of moisture content and storage temperature. Among these characteristics, amylose quantity is particularly essential, and most indexes rely on it. To address these challenges, various gadgets, IoT, ICT, AI and predictive technologies are frequently applied in diagnostic procedures. This study evaluated AdaBoost, Artificial neural network (ANN), k-Nearest Neighbour classifier (KNN), Decision tree, Logistic regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random forest classifiers to categorize distinct quantities of amylose using slope data gathered from the novel colorimetric amylose sensor. The random forest approach had greater coefficients and precision ratings of 0.85 for the slope dataset, followed by the decision tree, ANN, KNN, AdaBoost, logistic regression, and support vector algorithms, which had precision scores of 0.83, 0.81, 0.80, 0.29, 0.18, and 0.18, respectively, based on the efficiency of the tested learning models. The random forest model was shown to be promising in forecasting the various classes of amylose based on the data

Composition, Characteristics, Nutritional value and Health Benefits of Donkey Milk-A Review

International audienceDonkey milk differs from other ruminant milk as it contains lower fat, higher minerals and lactose. The major antimicrobial proteins in milk are immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and lysozyme. Donkey milk has higher antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and it could be effective in the treatment of listeriosis and staphylococcosis. Lysozyme, which is dominant in donkey milk, possesses effective in inactivation of certain viruses, anti-microbial activity, angiogenic inhibition and antitumour. Donkey milk whey protein possesses potent antiproliferative activity which has potential in the treatment of lung cancer. The protein, α-lactalbumin has a property of antiviral, antitumor and anti-stress. Donkey milk has low amount of casein very close to human milk and contains lower amount of β-lactoglobulin compared to cow milk. Donkey milk has higher amount of lactose, helps in good palatability, avoids allergy in infants and is an option for infants suffering from cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) and lactose intolerance. Donkey milk has multiple effects on the osteogenesis process