Modelos de administração da educação em Moçambique (1983-2009)

Mestrado em Ciências da Educação - Administração e Políticas EducativasA administração dos sistemas educativos têm uma história, de centralização ou de descentralização, durante a qual são criadas estruturas que podem prevalecer ou ser alteradas de acordo com as reformas levadas a cabo para adequar o sistema às condições socioeconómicas e políticas e às exigências que essas transformações sempre apresentam. Tais mudanças podem ter origem nos factores internos (sistemas económico, social e político) ou nos factores externos (pressão dos organismos internacionais, agências de ajuda externa, governos dos chamados países centrais), ou ainda na conjugação de ambos. Considerando que a administração dos sistemas educativos é feita tendo em conta determinados modelos teóricos, espera-se que a análise do Sistema Educativo moçambicano saliente a(s) tendência(s) que se têm seguido ao longo das reformas levadas a cabo desde a sua criação em 1983 de modo a, por um lado, determinar o grau de controlo da Administração Central relativamente a outros órgãos (Direcção Provincial, Distrital e Escolas) e, por outro, descrever as tendências (crescente, decrescente, estacionária) da centralização ou descentralização ao longo do tempo. Dentro da abordagem qualitativa com especial enfoque para a análise de conteúdo de documentos normativos, e incidindo em três áreas de decisão, nomeadamente, currículo e avaliação, organização pedagógica da escola e direcção e gestão administrativa, o estudo conclui que a centralização é um processo constante e abrangente para todas as áreas de administração; que a administração do sistema educativo é altamente centralizada com carácter burocrático; que o controlo burocrático e o controlo ideológico embora tenham uma incidência variada de acordo com as condições sócio-políticas são ambos reveladores da máquina centralizadora dos Serviços Centrais. ABSTRACT: Education systems have a history of administration in which structures are created under centralization or decentralization can remain or be reformed to adapt the system to the socio-economic conditions and / or policies and the requirements that these transformations always have. Such changes may be caused by internal factors (such as economic, social and political) or external factors (pressure from international organizations, foreign aid agencies, governments of so-called core countries), or a combination of both. Whereas a educational systems are administered with respect to certain theoretical models, it is expected that the analysis of the Mozambican education system will emphasize the tendencies that have followed over the reforms undertaken since its creation in 1983 to, firstly, determine the degree of control the central government has in relation to other levels of administration (Provincial, District and Schools) and, secondly, to describe the trends (increasing, decreasing, stationary) in centralization or decentralization over time. Through a qualitative approach with special focus on the content analysis of the normative documents and focusing on three decision areas, namely curriculum and evaluation, school organization and educational management and administration, the study concludes that centralization is a constant and comprehensive process for all areas of administration; that the administration of the education system is highly centralized bureaucratic nature; that the bureaucratic control and ideological control, although the incidence varied according to socio-political conditions, are both telling about centralized machine of Central Services

A search for anthracnose resistant cashew cultivars in Mozambique

Dwarf and common cashew (Anacardium occidentale) genotypes were screened separately for resistance against anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Disease incidence was assessed on emerging leaves over three consecutive crop seasons in Mocuba, Meconta and Pebane districts of northern Mozambique. Evaluation the disease using leaf incidence is presented as a new field method for screening cashew genotypes resistant to anthracnose. It is fast, precise and consistent in ranking cultivars over several tree seasons. Seasonal, cultivar and disease incidence means were compared using Fishers’ LSD test. The method enabled the differentiation of highly infected cultivars from those consistently tolerant across seasons and locations. No a single clone with a high level of resistance was identified out of 229 entries. However, hierarchical tables of clonal sensitivity ranked clones 1.12PA, 12.8PA and 1.18PA as tolerant and 11.9PA and 2.3BG as susceptible among the dwarfs. Among the common genotypes, clones NA7, MB77, 1.5R and MCH-2 ranked tolerant and IM1 and MU3 susceptible. Tolerant clones were therefore recommended to be used in the national cashew breeding program for further development of cashew cultivars with durable resistance to anthracnose. Further, clones such as 2.5VM, 1EM, MB75 and others that revealed incidence consistency over seasons can be used as susceptibility or tolerance standards in screening trials.AFD (French Development Agency, Mozambique) was funding this research through the PRC/PIAC-Project, Nampula.www.elsevier.com/locate/croprohb201

Epidemiology of cashew anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) in Mozambique

Anthracnose of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) was studies on various genotypes and locations in Mozambique. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was identified as the anthracnose causal agent using polymerase chain reaction. The relationships between incidence and severity of anthracnose on cashew genotypes were statistically analyzed by regression. Anthracnose leaf incidence, which is practically easy to evaluate, was consistently associated with leaf severity, and their relationships can be estimated using the restricted exponential function across locations, crop seasons, genotype and fungicide trials. Pooled data enabled estimation of initial incidence of 1.43% with percentage variance accounting for 83.2 and standard error of 8.3. By computing incidence data into the summary equation, 24 changes of 0, 1, 5, 10 and 40%, resulted in changes of severity estimates of 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 and 1.00%, respectively. The maximum disease incidence was estimated as 80% when the severity reached only 5%. Increase in severity was observed afterward, approached a maximum of 25% when leaf detachment is observed. The use of incidence data for epidemic comparisons, genotype and fungicide evaluation in cashew orchards is recommended. Anthracnose incidence on leaves however, could not predict incidence on nuts.The AFD (French Development Agency, Mozambique) funded this research through PRC/PIAC-Project.www.elsevier.com/locate/croprohb201

The Numbers Behind Mushroom Biodiversity

Fungi are among the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth. with a global diversity estimated at 0.8 million to 5.1 million species. They play fundamental ecological roles as decomposers, mutualists, and pathogens, growing in almost all habitats and being important as sources of food and health benefits, income, and to maintain forest health. Global assessment of wild edible fungi indicate the existence of 2327 useful wild species; 2166 edible and 1069 used as food; 470 medicinal species. Several million tonnes are collected, consumed, and sold each year in over 80 countries. The major mushroom-producing countries in 2012 were China, Italy, USA, and The Netherlands, with 80% of the world production, 64% of which came from China. The European Union produces 24% of the world production. Italy is the largest European producer, Poland is the largest exporter, UK the largest importer.Fungi are difficult to preserve and fossilize and due to the poor preservation of most fungal structures, it has been difficult to interpret the fossil record of fungi. Hyphae, the vegetative bodies of fungi, bear few distinctive morphological characteristicss, and organisms as diverse as cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algal groups, and oomycetes can easily be mistaken for them (Taylor & Taylor 1993). Fossils provide minimum ages for divergences and genetic lineages can be much older than even the oldest fossil representative found. According to Berbee and Taylor (2010), molecular clocks (conversion of molecular changes into geological time) calibrated by fossils are the only available tools to estimate timing of evolutionary events in fossil‐poor groups, such as fungi. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotic fungi from the division Glomeromycota, generally accepted as the phylogenetic sister clade to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, have left the most ancient fossils in the Rhynie Chert of Aberdeenshire in the north of Scotland (400 million years old). The Glomeromycota and several other fungi have been found associated with the preserved tissues of early vascular plants (Taylor et al. 2004a). Fossil spores from these shallow marine sediments from the Ordovician that closely resemble Glomeromycota spores and finely branched hyphae arbuscules within plant cells were clearly preserved in cells of stems of a 400 Ma primitive land plant, Aglaophyton, from Rhynie chert 455–460 Ma in age (Redecker et al. 2000; Remy et al. 1994) and from roots from the Triassic (250–199 Ma) (Berbee & Taylor 2010; Stubblefield et al. 1987).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Characterization, epidemiology and control strategies for the anthracnose pathogen (Colletotrichum spp.) on cashew (Anarcardium occidentale L.) in Mozambique

The first confirmation of the presence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. on cashew in Mozambique was based on a combination of observed symptoms, isolation and identification using basic morphological and molecular techniques. Anthracnose is now the second most important in the country, after powdery mildew caused by Oidium anacardii Noack. The present thesis represents a broad overview of the disease in Mozambique. The main focus of this study was thus to gather scientific information on the relevance of this disease in the country and through experimentation, generate recommendations that help farmers and decision makers to mitigate the disease pressure. The specific objectives of this study were as follows: - Provide a distinctive description of anthracnose symptoms on leaves through hostpathogen interaction studies in the laboratory. - Enhance current knowledge on the identity of Mozambican pathogen isolates, using DNA tools. - Assess the current anthracnose management practices, both at nursery and field level with a view to formulate timely, local and adequate management strategies. - Conduct experimental trials to select economically effective fungicides spraying programs for anthracnose disease management. ii - Search for variability and germplasm tolerance among dwarf and common cashew plant populations in Mozambique. By analyzing and integrating existing published literature on the subject, we successfully separated issues that concerned previously inaccessible information from those that reflect insufficient scientific knowledge. A survey was initiated to determine, the status of cashew anthracnose disease management practices in Mozambique. Subsequently, the information obtained was used to develop a national strategic framework for research and extension in the country. Areas identified as gaps were aligned with the main goals of this thesis and include: - Areas where scientific information lacked were identified. - The symptoms of the disease on leaves were successfully and distinctively distinguished from other common leaf diseases that simultaneously occur in orchards. - The pathogen isolates were identified using PCR techniques. The presence of Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds was not confirmed at least not among the suspected and tested isolates. - Knowledge on the epidemiology of the disease was generated and its application for more effective disease management was successfully applied. - Effective fungicide applications and disease control programmes were developed for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.. - Appropriate nursery management strategies that reduce anthracnose disease development were developed. - Variability in germplasm reaction to the disease was demonstrated and therefore tolerant and susceptible genotypes were identified. - A technique for rapid and accurate evaluation of leaf anthracnose symptom grades was developed.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.gm2014Microbiology and Plant PathologyUnrestricte

Epidemiology and control of powdery mildew (Oidium anacardii Noack) on cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Mozambique

For a successful and economical integrated control program aimed at a particular disease, pertinent information, regarding the environmental conditions prevailing in the growing area, the crop itself and the pathogen, must be available. Recently, the control of powdery mildew disease on cashew has moved from the use of non-systemic fungicides with a wide range of action, to highly specific systemic ones. Such a shift requires a more effective integrated control system, whereby tolerant varieties in combination with fungicide unaffected biocontrol agents are timely used to ensure disease control and reduce the hazards associated with excessive fungicide applications. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between the disease epidemic and some climatic factors over time. Appropriate periods for management interventions were determined. The cellular host reaction to infection by Oidium anacardii Noack was studied with a view to rapidly identify disease tolerant host types. Potential antagonists were isolated, screened and compared with commercial biocontrol products using in vivo techniques and chemical control programs were finally evaluated. Electron microscopy elucidated that the powdery mildew tolerant cashew variety (H1) had a relatively higher consistency of cytoplasmic aggregates upon infection by O. anacardii when compared to the susceptible clone. Based on conidia and conidiophore morphology, conidial germination and conidiogenesis processes observed indicated that O. anacardii belongs to the subgenus Pseudoidium (Y.S. Paul&J.N. Kapoor) comb.Et. Stat. Nov. (Holomorph Erysiphe Sect. Erysiphe U. Braun). There was no direct relationship between the progress of the cashew powdery mildew epidemic and temperature, relative humidity or dew point over time. However, the epidemic did not start until conditions of average temperatures under the tree canopy were below 30°C, relative humidity was 80% and dew point was above 15. In vivo screening of 72 isolates, amongst them bacteria and fungi, from cashew leaves and florets showed that none were effective against O. anacardii, the causal agent of cashew powdery mildew. However, commercial antagonists, Candida saitoana, Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis, significantly reduced the growth and branching of primary hyphae. One antagonist, B. licheniformis, was as effective as the commercial fungicide triadimenol 25% EC (Bayfidan). Chemical fungicides were found to be effective against powdery mildew; however, the currently prevailing economic environment in Mozambique was found inappropriate for the use of expensive organic fungicides. Additional gain from the use of fungicides was found to be solely qualitative and thus did not represent a fair investment return ratio in terms of cashew nut prices and production costs. The use of integrated cashew management was finally recommended. Further studies should focus on development of integrated and cost effective disease management strategies.Dissertation (MSc(Plant Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2003.Microbiology and Plant Pathologyunrestricte

DASHBOARD FOR CORROSION PREDICTION ANALYTICS

In the oil and gas industry, pipelines have become crucial for enabling the transport of flammable and hazardous substances such as crude oil, natural gas, and refined petroleum products. Compared with trucks and trains, they hold fluids in greater volume, healthier way, and more environmentally friendly. However, as with any other equipment, to some extent pipelines can have different failures. Leakage in the pipelines can cause progressive accidents such as spillage of fluids, fire, and explosion. Exposure of such incidents results in casualties, even worse, deaths, damage to the environment and to properties, poor reputations, financial distress, and more negative impacts. Thus, risk-reducing initiatives that can avoid leakage of the pipelines are necessary because the interventions will ideally be able to control leakage root causes. Many accidents have proven that corrosion induces the leakage phenomena in the pipelines. Therefore, the commitment for safety measures to prevent leakage is crucial to carry out corrosion assessment. In order to promote decision-making in the prevention of pipeline leakage, this study analyzes the correlation of depth and length of corrosion within pipelines. The methodology used in the project includes the literature review and the study of neural long short term memory (LSTM) network model and how it behaves with sequential data. Thus, the results of this work can assist risk assessors in identifying the level of risk and prevent future leakage in the pipelines effectively

石炭のクリーン化に関する研究－酸化脱硫ならびに水銀の溶出－

博士（理工学）秋田大

Attempts to improve teaching-research links through emergency remote teaching in higher education : a case study from university

While developed countries made considerable progress in implementing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and succeeded in adapting a fitting legislative framework to the integrated use of technology into Higher Education, underdeveloped countries practices were more arbitrary, ad hoc, and disjointed (Karamti, 2016). To respond to the pandemic higher education institutions relied heavily on teaching online, this was - as Schlesselman (2020) pointed out - emergency remote teaching and not goal-driven online learning. El Firdoussi et al., (2020) defines emergency remote education (ERE) as a temporary shift in the delivery of education due to crisis circumstances with the main objective to provide temporary access to teaching and teaching aids in a quicker way, that is, to set up and make them readily available, reliably in an emergency or crisis. Neither emergency remote teaching, nor online learning are the best answer in underdeveloped countries due to the digital dive which evolved over time from a dominance related to divide of access to differences in how people use digital tools to participate in society (Starkey et al., 2017). Mozambique is sub-Saharan country with the Human Capital Index (HCI) of 0.36 which is lower than the average for Sub-Saharan Africa region but slightly lower than the average for low-income countries. Nevertheless, the government adopted similar measures as the rest of the world and Universities did continue functioning remotely. At Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), a flagship university (Bailey et al., 2011) that sees itself as equally dedicated to teaching whilst pursuing research, a research project under the framework of teaching-research nexus was developed. The project began with a study exploring students’ experiences with research integration in teaching-intensive universities (Adriano Uaciquete, 2017). The results of this study were useful in putting forward an instructional design agenda to move towards Research-Based Education (RBE) in the context of teaching-research nexus (TRN). The next phase of the project was an implementation of two alternative interventions following a 12-week cross-over design to increase undergraduate students’ research competences (Uaciquete & Valcke, 2018). In line with the previous studies, for the present study an intervention was implemented based on design guidelines principles (step-by-step approach, individual accountability, provision of structure and enactive mastery) and followed the four approach of Botma et al., 2015: activation of knowledge, engagement with new information, demonstration of competence and application in real world. In total, 309 undergraduate students from social sciences (231 in second semester of 2020 and 78 in first semester of 2021) were involved. Emergency remote teaching was adopted and the intervention-implementation was done trough the learning management system (LSM) (https://vula.uem.mz/). Features in a Moodle course were activated to allow students to interact with other students and/or the teacher for dissemination of knowledge and skills, i.e., teaching or discovery, interpretation and understanding of new knowledge, i.e. research. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected online. This study provides empirical data of an attempt to help students develop competences and contributes to shed light on how to strengthen the nexus between teaching and research functioning remotely