Map of the City of Richmond, Virginia

Plate 6: City of Richmond, 1864. Even though the capital of the Confederacy was not evacuated until 1865, Richmond was the target of some extremely violent fighting in 1864. Notable among this was General Butler's advance, which was halted far south of the city. Late in 1864, with the city still in Confederate hands, the Union armies wanted a good map of this city that they hoped eventually to take. Superintendent Bache was away from the Washington office of the Coast Survey at the time, so the request was received by the second in charge, Assistant Julius Hilgard. Under Hilgard's direction, Assistant Adolph Lindenkohl, assisted by others, compiled this map from the sources named thereon and whatever intelligence information they had at the time. This map was in use by the Union army when Richmond was evacuated the next year. This map is a revised version of the original 1864 map, updated in 1962

Long-term sea surface temperature variability along the U.S. East Coast

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 40 (2010): 1004-1017, doi:10.1175/2009JPO4300.1.Sea surface temperature variations along the entire U.S. East Coast from 1875 to 2007 are characterized using a collection of historical observations from lighthouses and lightships combined with recent buoy and shore-based measurements. Long-term coastal temperature trends are warming in the Gulf of Maine [1.0° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)−1] and Middle Atlantic Bight [0.7° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)−1], whereas trends are weakly cooling or not significant in the South Atlantic Bight [−0.1° ± 0.3°C (100 yr)−1] and off Florida [−0.3° ± 0.2°C (100 yr)−1]. Over the last century, temperatures along the northeastern U.S. coast have warmed at a rate 1.8–2.5 times the regional atmospheric temperature trend but are comparable to warming rates for the Arctic and Labrador, the source of coastal ocean waters north of Cape Hatteras (36°N). South of Cape Hatteras, coastal ocean temperature trends match the regional atmospheric temperature trend. The observations and a simple model show that along-shelf transport, associated with the mean coastal current system running from Labrador to Cape Hatteras, is the mechanism controlling long-term temperature changes for this region and not the local air–sea exchange of heat.This work was supported by NSF Grant OCE-0220773

Barnes Sound to Key West, Florida 1924

Depths shown by soundings and shading ; Includes navigation notes and tidal table ; "24 4/22."Color1:80,00

Philippines 1909

Relief shown by contours, hachures, and spot heights. Depths shown by gradient tints, soundings, and isolines ; Buoys shown in red, black, and white ; "Soundings in fathoms; heights in feet." ; Includes text, seal, and tables ; "No. 4222" -- upper left margin ; "(Date of first publication 1905)." ; "Published at Washington, D.C. January, 1909 ..."Color1:100,00

Manila and Subic Bays, Philippines 1907

Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. Depths shown by gradient tints, soundings, and isolines ; Buoys shown in red, black, and white ; "Soundings in fathoms; heights in feet." ; Includes text, seal, and tables ; "No. 4240" -- upper left margin ; "Published at Washington, D.C. February, 1907 ..." ; Compiled from surveys executed 1901 to 1906Colo

Shemya Island, Alaska 1945

Shows radial distances from Shemya Island, Alaska ; Includes seal ; "Point of tangency 52�44'N-174�05'E."Color1:30,000,00

St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 1922

Relief shown by contours and spot heights.; Includes inset map of Frenchman Cap.; "Nov. 1922."Color;1:40,00

Sitka Harbor, Alaska 1973

Relief shown by hachures, depth shown by soundings and isolines. "NM 4 Jan. 27, 1973." "Soundings in fathoms at mean lower low water." Corrections and compass rose in purple.Color1:5,00