41 research outputs found
Effect of sampling effort and sampling frequency on the composition of the planktonic crustacean assemblage: a case study of the river Danube
Although numerous studies have focused
on the seasonal dynamics of riverine zooplankton,
little is known about its short-term
variation. In order to examine the effects of sampling
frequency and sampling effort, microcrustacean
samples were collected at daily intervals
between 13 June and 21 July of 2007 in a parapotamal
side arm of the river Danube, Hungary.
Samples were also taken at biweekly intervals
from November 2006 to May 2008. After presenting
the community dynamics, the effect of
sampling effort was evaluated with two different
methods; the minimal sample size was also estimated.
We introduced a single index (potential
dynamic information loss; to determine the potential
loss of information when sampling frequency
is reduced. The formula was calculated for the total abundance, densities of the dominant taxa, adult/larva ratios of copepods and for two different diversity measures. Results suggest that abundances may experience notable fluctuations even within 1 week, as do diversities and adult/larva ratios
Community planning and urban design in contested places. Some insights from Belfast
Although social conflict due to the presence of different groups divided
by cultural, religious or ethnic issues plagues many contemporary cities,
community and participatory planning methods still pay little attention
to segregation in contested spaces as a specific matter of concern. This
paper aims to contribute to filling this gap through the development of
a novel tool to be implemented during community planning processes
in contested cities, particularly in (visual) mapping processes. The pilot
area for developing the lexicon has been selected within the city of
Belfast, which has been struggling for years with problems related to
inter-religious sectarian conflicts. The material effects on the urban
structure of the long process of defensive planning during the socalled
Troubles and within the post-conflicts peace programmes
have been investigated by analysing urban artefacts including edges,
borders, barriers, doors, visual control points. The paper suggests that
a simple, recognizable lexicon may contribute to honing community
planning methods in contested places by integrating the traditional
methodology of visual mapping with a tailored taxonomy of elements
of urban conflict, which may be used at many stages of the planning
process, including developing a visual map, design and planning, and
developing and implementing an action plan