EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RUNNING SPEED ON VERTICAL OSCILLATION AND STRIDE

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different running speed (3.5±O.3 and 4.9±O.2 m/si on vertical oscillation of the center of gravity and stride. Ten male elite running players served as subjects. A camera (60Hz) was to collect the parameters during running. From this research, the t-Test is used to analyze the parameters of the kinematics in different running speed. Results indicated that different running speed would not affect the vertical oscillation of human body center of gravity. In addition, a significant difference (p< .05) was found in the same speed of different step, but no significance was found in different running speed of the same step. The duration of the stance phase in lower speed for about 38.34% of the stride and the swing phase for 61.66%, in higher speed for about 32.11 % and 67.89%

Rho Kinases Regulate the Renewal and Neural Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells in a Cell Plating Density–Dependent Manner

[[abstract]]BACKGROUND: Rho kinases (ROCKs) mediate cell contraction, local adhesion, and cell motility, which are considered to be important in cell differentiation. We postulated that ROCKs are involved in controlling embryonic stem (ES) cell renewal and differentiation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: CCE, a murine ES cell, was treated with Y-27632 for 48 to 96 hours and colony formation was evaluated. Y-27632 blocked CCE colony formation and induced CCE to grow as individual cells, regardless of the initial seeding cell density either at 10(4)/cm(2) ("high" seeding density) or 2x10(3)/cm(2) ("low" density). However, at high seeding density, Y-27632-treated cells exhibited reduction of alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining and Oct3/4 expression. They expressed SOX-1, nestin, and MAP2c, but not betaIII-tubulin or NG-2. They did not express endoderm or mesoderm lineage markers. After removal of Y-27632, the cells failed to form colonies or regain undifferentiated state. Silencing of ROCK-1 or ROCK-2 with selective small interference RNA induced CCE morphological changes similar to Y-27632. Silencing of ROCK-1 or ROCK-2 individually was sufficient to cause reduction of AP and Oct3/4, and expression of SOX-1, nestin, and MAP2c; and combined silencing of both ROCKs did not augment the effects exerted by individual ROCK siRNA. Y-27632-treated CCE cells seeded at 2x10(3) or 6.6x10(3) cells/cm(2) did not lose renewal factors or express differentiation markers. Furthermore, they were able to form AP-positive colonies after removal of Y-27632 and reseeding. Similar to ROCK inhibition by Y-27632, silencing of ROCK-1 or ROCK-2 in cells seeded at 2x10(3)/cm(2) did not change renewal factors. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that ROCKs promote ES cell colony formation, maintain them at undifferentiated state, and prevent them from neural differentiation at high seeding density. ROCK inhibition represents a new strategy for preparing large numbers of neural progenitor cells

Pengembangan Suplemen Pembelajaran Fisika Gelombang Elektromagnetik Cahaya Sebagai Partikel Memanfaatkan Virtual Laboratorium

This research has been done to make a supplement for physics learning about light electromagnetic wave as a particle using virtual laboratory. The population of this research was the second year science-students at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Metro. This development is begun by needs analysis, then identification of resource which is the background of this developmental research. The next step is, identifying the product specification then developing products which contained a tutorial book for teacher and a work sheet for student (LKS). The material and design expert test result is that those products were approved. The external test resulted by users show that the LKS was attractive, very easy to use, and useful. It also was effective to be used as a learning resource because 80% of students reached the passing grade.Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengembangkan suplemen pembelajaran fisika gelombang elektromagnetik cahaya sebagai partikel dengan memanfaatkan virtual laboratorium. Populasi penelitian pengembangan ini adalah siswa kelas XI IPA di SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Metro. Pengembangan ini diawali dengan analisis kebutuhan, kemudian identifikasi sumber daya yang melatar belakangi pengembangan. Langkah selanjutnya identifikasi spesifikasi produk yang dilanjutkan dengan mengembangkan produk berupa LKS untuk siswa dan buku panduan untuk guru. Hasil uji internal oleh ahli materi dan ahli desain menyatakan produk yang dikembangkan layak digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran. Hasil uji eksternal oleh pengguna menunjukkan kualitas media pembelajaran menarik, sangat mudah digunakan, dan bermanfaat serta efektif digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran dengan presentase hasil belajar sebesar 80% siswa telah memenuhi KKM

miRTarBase update 2014: an information resource for experimentally validated miRNA-target interactions

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules capable of negatively regulating gene expression to control many cellular mechanisms. The miRTarBase database (http://mirtarbase.mbc.nctu.edu.tw/) provides the most current and comprehensive information of experimentally validated miRNA-target interactions. The database was launched in 2010 with data sources for >100 published studies in the identification of miRNA targets, molecular networks of miRNA targets and systems biology, and the current release (2013, version 4) includes significant expansions and enhancements over the initial release (2010, version 1). This article reports the current status of and recent improvements to the database, including (i) a 14-fold increase to miRNA-target interaction entries, (ii) a miRNA-target network, (iii) expression profile of miRNA and its target gene, (iv) miRNA target-associated diseases and (v) additional utilities including an upgrade reminder and an error reporting/user feedback system

An Application of Terrestrial 3D Laser Scanner on Recognitioin of Rockslope Outcrops

This study selected two test sites for 3D laser scanning to establish the operation procedures for using terrestrial 3D laser scanning on recognition of rockslope outcrops and verify the feasibility of fuzzy clustering in obtaining attitudes of outcrops. The procedures can reduce the danger and time of geologists in measuring attitudes by using geological compass on surfaces of outcrops. Through field measurement using 3D scanner to scan the surfaces of outcrops, spatial coordinates of point clouds can be obtained. After point clouds were obtained, the Fast Radial Basic Function (FastRBF) Toolbox in Matlab is then applied to interpolate and convert the point clouds into different grid size data sets of triangular grids. The plane equation was used to calculate the attitudes of grids. Base on the hypothesis of discontinue plane sets that should have similar attitudes, the fuzzy clustering algorithm was applied to classify the attitudes of each grid into groups. This study converted attitudes into unit normal vectors and used different cluster numbers (K=2～7) to classify attitudes into groups. According to the attribute matrix of clustering result, different colors were used to plot for the original outcrop surfaces, so that the classified attitude groups can be visualized and can be transformed from unit normal vectors to each attitude. Comparing cluster attitudes with attitudes measured in-situ, it is found that there were about 0～10 degrees difference. But the trend between the two attitudes was similar. Therefore, it is proved that the operation procedures proposed in this study is feasible and can be an good choice in surface geological survey.本研究選用兩個試驗場址作為掃描試驗區，藉此建立以地面型三維雷射掃描於岩坡露頭位態辨識之作業流程，並驗證以模糊群聚法求取岩坡露頭表面位態之可行性，藉此減少直接量測位態可能造成之危險及時間。透過外業掃描以擷取岩坡露頭表面之空間點雲、內業資料處理、以Matlab中執行的 Fast Radial Basic Function(FastRBF) Toolbox (Farfield Technology, 2004)點雲內插和網格化，並輸出不同大小之網格資料，藉由網格平面方程式計算網格位態，以供後續分析之用。基於構成同一組不連續面之網格具有相近位態之假設，本研究以群聚數K=2～7將不同大小之網格位態轉換成單位法向量，再進行模糊群聚分析。根據分類結果所得之歸屬度矩陣，以不同顏色繪於原始露頭表面，以視覺化直接判斷各露頭表面所屬之群聚，並將各群聚之群心法向量轉換回群心位態，當作露頭表面位態之代表值與現地所量測位態作比較。其結果發現不同網格大小之演算結果相同，其群心位態與現地量測位態仍有0～10°之誤差，但兩者之間仍具有相同之趨勢存在，故本研究所建立之作業流程可作為地表地質調查中位態量測之另一種選擇。中文摘要 I Abstract II 目錄 III 表目錄 V 圖目錄 VI 第一章 緒論 1 1-1 前言 1 1-2 研究目的 2 1-3 研究流程 2 1-4 論文架構 4 第二章 文獻回顧 5 2-1 雷射與三維雷射掃描技術 5 2-2 點雲與空間座標特性 6 2-3 點雲資料結構化 7 2-4 岩體不連續面與岩坡災害 7 2-5 模糊群聚分析 9 第三章 研究材料與方法 15 3-1 研究材料 15 3-1.1 三維雷射掃描儀器 15 3-1.2 試驗區位概述 16 3-1.3 內業分析軟體 16 3-2 外業掃描 16 3-3 資料處理 17 3-3.1 點雲座標轉換 18 3-3.2 FastRBF點雲內插及網格化 21 3-3.3 網格位態計算 22 3-4 模糊群聚分析與展示 24 第四章 結果與討論 26 4-1 掃描結果展示 26 4-2 資料處理結果 26 4-2.1 點雲座標轉換 26 4-2.2 FastRBF點雲內插及網格化 27 4-3 驗證模式收斂性 30 4-4 模糊群聚分析結果與展示 34 4-5 群心位態與現地實測值比較 35 第五章 結論與建議 47 參考文獻 49 附錄 A 多次群聚演算結果於立體投影圖之分佈圖 51 附錄 B 弱面位態空間分佈圖 5

Impact of Rh, Ru, and Pd Leads and Contact Topologies on Performance of WSe₂ FETs: A First Comparative Ab Initio Study

2D field-effect transistors (FETs) fabricated with transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials are a potential replacement for the silicon-based CMOS. However, the lack of advancement in p-type contact is also a key factor hindering TMD-based CMOS applications. The less investigated path towards improving electrical characteristics based on contact geometries with low contact resistance (RC) has also been established. Moreover, finding contact metals to reduce the RC is indeed one of the significant challenges in achieving the above goal. Our research provides the first comparative analysis of the three contact configurations for a WSe2 monolayer with different noble metals (Rh, Ru, and Pd) by employing ab initio density functional theory (DFT) and non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) methods. From the perspective of the contact topologies, the RC and minimum subthreshold slope (SSMIN) of all the conventional edge contacts are outperformed by the novel non-van der Waals (vdW) sandwich contacts. These non-vdW sandwich contacts reveal that their RC values are below 50 Ω∙μm, attributed to the narrow Schottky barrier widths (SBWs) and low Schottky barrier heights (SBHs). Not only are the RC values dramatically reduced by such novel contacts, but the SSMIN values are lower than 68 mV/dec. The new proposal offers the lowest RC and SSMIN, irrespective of the contact metals. Further considering the metal leads, the WSe2/Rh FETs based on the non-vdW sandwich contacts show a meager RC value of 33 Ω∙μm and an exceptional SSMIN of 63 mV/dec. The two calculated results present the smallest-ever values reported in our study, indicating that the non-vdW sandwich contacts with Rh leads can attain the best-case scenario. In contrast, the symmetric convex edge contacts with Pd leads cause the worst-case degradation, yielding an RC value of 213 Ω∙μm and an SSMIN value of 95 mV/dec. While all the WSe2/Ru FETs exhibit medium performances, the minimal shift in the transfer curves is interestingly advantageous to the circuit operation. Conclusively, the low-RC performances and the desirable SSMIN values are a combination of the contact geometries and metal leads. This innovation, achieved through noble metal leads in conjunction with the novel contact configurations, paves the way for a TMD-based CMOS with ultra-low RC and rapid switching speeds