АНАЛИЗ БЕРЕГОВОЙ ЭРОЗИИ КОМБИНИРОВАННЫМ МЕТОДОМ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ДАННЫХ ВОЗДУШНОГО И НАЗЕМНОГО ЛАЗЕРНОГО СКАНИРОВАНИЯ: ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПО РЕКЕ ВИСЛА

In our study, high-resolution digital elevation models (HRDEM) were generated by combining the data from airborne laser scanning (ALS, 2012) and long-range terrestrial laser scanning (TLS, 2015) and used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of recent morphodynamic processes in the Vistula river bed near Nieszawa, Central Poland. The study area was a river stretch nearly 1 km long, in its lowland part, with the 440 m wide channel and 3.5‑5.0 m high banks. It is located 27 km downstream from the reservoir in Włocławek, so it is under the influence of the reservoir. The TLS measurements were performed from the opposite bank of the river, from a distance of up to 750 m. By combining the ALS and TLS data, we investigated and evaluated both the horizontal variations in the height of the river bank and changes in its profile, with a high resolution of about 900 points/m2. Our results show that in this river stretch, both the transverse profile of the river bank and the location of its upper edge have been changed during the three years between the ALS and TLS measurement sessions. The scale of this phenomenon varies from a complete lack of erosion to lowering of the upper edge of the cliff by about 1 m, in some points even up to 2 m. The applied methods allowed us to estimate the area of the observed transformations, in contrast to the conventional methods that enable only analyses in selected transverse sections.В статье показана возможность создания цифровых моделей высот с высоким разрешением (HRDEM) на основе комбинирования данных воздушного лазерного сканирования (ALS, 2012 г.) и наземного лазерного сканирования (TLS, 2015 г.) для качественного и количественного анализа современных процессов, связанных с морфодинамикой русла реки Висла (недалеко от г. Нишава, Центральная Польша). Изучен участок реки длиной почти 1 км в его низинной части, где русло имеет ширину 440 м, а берега – высоту 3.5–5.0 м, расположенный на расстоянии 27 км ниже по течению от водохранилища в г. Влоцлавек, при этом изученный участок находится под влиянием водохранилища. Измерения методом TLS проводились с противоположного берега реки с расстояния до 750 м. Сочетание данных ALS и TLS позволило исследовать и оценить как горизонтальные изменения высоты берега реки, так и изменения его профиля с высоким разрешением – около 900 точек/м2. Полученные результаты показывают, что на данном участке реки в течение трех лет между измерениями, проведенными методами ALS (2012 г.) и TLS (2015 г.), изменились как поперечный профиль берега, так и местоположение его верхнего края. Масштабы изменений варьируются от полного отсутствия эрозии до опускания верхнего края обрыва примерно на 1 м (в некоторых точках даже до 2 м). Использованные методы позволили оценить площадь наблюдаемых изменений, в отличие от обычных методов, которые позволяют проводить только анализ отдельных поперечных разрезов

Reconstruction of the dynamics and attempt of defi ning indicators of mass movements in Wiag landslide (lower Vistula valley)

The article presents the reconstruction of dynamics and development of a landslide in Wiąg. The study area is located in lower Vistula valley, near Świecie. Research conducted since 2007 shows that the landslide in Wiąg had developed in stages. Aerial photography from the last 50 years have been used in order to define the dynamics of the landscape. The first phase of development was a shallow landslide in the eastern part. In 1979, during one of the biggest floods in XXth century the most important episode took place. A landslide with the area of 22000m² arose. In next few years the landslide hasn't shown any significant activity. In 2010, during the flood, it revived. There has been conducted an analysis of geological structure and water levels, that enabled to define the main factors causing the rise of the landslide. One of the most important factors is the loss stability of the slope caused by increased pore pressure during the rapid decrease of flood wave

Settlement units development and localisation setting as well as changes of Tutonic Knights state administrative divisions on an example of Rogoino commandity

Teutonic Knights had emerged in Chełmno Land in 1226 and immediately subdivided it in some internal administrative units. This also concerned the Rogozno Commandity. It is possible that these territorial and administrative changes were caused by environmental factors. The research on this problem begun with gathering of historical and present-day maps completelly covering territory analysed (circa 280 km²): Schrotter's Map 1798-1803, present-day maps: of soil quality, topographic ones and maps of archaeological revelations. The first step of analysis was to reconstruct the elements of historical landscape for every commandity. Recent and mediaeval landscapes were compared with-each other to trace the differences in earial extent of forests and swamps as well as hydrological setting elements that could be detected. Further, there was estimated the corn production for this territory, by the use of present-day soil quality maps. A soil quality factor was multiplied by an average of corn produciton in mediaeval time and by the areas of commandities, to know how much corn was possible to get from every commandity. Also the approximate number of citizens in this commandity was assesed. The Population density of this territory equaled 12 persons per 1 km², that is about 30% more than in adjacents commandities. This may indicate that in this area the potential of agricultural production was raised in comparison to other administrative units. In those units enviromental conditions allowed to gain 25% of crops more than the inhabitants needed, so initial thesis of historians that changes were caused by insufficient environmental conditions, was not reasonable. the situation was Probably different – those states were self-sufficient, fertile and rich enough to be an object of rivalry

Distribution and origin of contemporary lowland landslides in the area of the direct river impact, on the example of section of Lower Vistula Valley between Morsk and Wiąg

W artykule poruszono problematykę rozwoju współczesnych ruchów masowych w strefie krawędziowej doliny rzecznej. Obszar badań zlokalizowany jest w obrębie Doliny Dolnej Wisły, w okolicach Świecia, i wyróżnia się spośród terenów sąsiednich bezpośrednim oddziaływaniem rzeki na zbocze doliny. Osuwiska stanowią istotny proces kształtowania stoku, zajmując 30% jego powierzchni. Przeanalizowano czynniki bierne i aktywne wpływające na rozwój osuwisk. Pod uwagę wzięto m.in. aktywność wód gruntowych oraz czynnik erozyjnego oddziaływania rzeki.The article raises the issue of development of current mass movements in the escarpment zone of river valley. The study area is located in Lower Vistula Valley near Świecie. The area is distinguished from its neighboring areas by the direct influence of the river on a slope, resulting inter alia to the development of landslides. They constitute an important process of shaping this slopes, occupying 30 percent of its surface. The paper presents an analysis of passive and active factors affecting the development of local landslides. The analysis has taken into consideration the factor of groundwater, geological settings and river erosion impacts

Location and activity of contemporary landslides in the lower Vistula valley, on the area between Fordon and Kozielec (northern Poland) : preliminary results

Artykuł obejmuje problematykę współczesnej aktywności osuwisk na terenie Polski nizinnej. Analizowany obszar stanowi fragment strefy krawędziowej doliny dolnej Wisły o długości 10 km. W ramach prac terenowych rozpoznano na nim 83 osuwiska o łącznej powierzchni 0,2 km2. Osuwiska te analizowano w aspekcie ich relacji do nadrzędnych form rzeźby, jakimi na tym obszarze są silnie zdenudowane stoki strefy krawędziowej doliny Wisły, powierzchnie dawnych osuwisk oraz zbocza dolinek erozyjnych. Określono morfometrię form, scharakteryzowano budowę geologiczną oraz aktywność wód gruntowych. Oceniono również aktywność osuwisk w powiązaniu z prawdopodobną przyczyną ich powstania. gruntowych. Oceniono również aktywność osuwisk w powiązaniu z prawdopodobną przyczyną ich powstaniaThe article raises the issue of contemporary landslide activity in the Polish Lowlands. The study area is a part of the slope zone of the lower Vistula valley. During the fieldwork there were 83 landslides with a total area of 0.2 km2 identified and analyzed in respect of their relationship to the main morphological forms of terrain: denuded slopes, surface of old landslides, erosional valleys. The morphometry, geological structure and groundwater activity were determined. The assessment of the landslides activity in relation to the possible cause of their development has been presented. The results of the research and analyzes show that contemporary mass movements constitute important elements shaping the slopes within the sculpture of major river valleys in the lowlands

ANALYSIS OF RIVER BANK EROSION BY COMBINED AIRBORNE AND LONG-RANGE TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING: PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE VISTULA RIVER

In our study, high-resolution digital elevation models (HRDEM) were generated by combining the data from airborne laser scanning (ALS, 2012) and long-range terrestrial laser scanning (TLS, 2015) and used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of recent morphodynamic processes in the Vistula river bed near Nieszawa, Central Poland. The study area was a river stretch nearly 1 km long, in its lowland part, with the 440 m wide channel and 3.5‑5.0 m high banks. It is located 27 km downstream from the reservoir in Włocławek, so it is under the influence of the reservoir. The TLS measurements were performed from the opposite bank of the river, from a distance of up to 750 m. By combining the ALS and TLS data, we investigated and evaluated both the horizontal variations in the height of the river bank and changes in its profile, with a high resolution of about 900 points/m2. Our results show that in this river stretch, both the transverse profile of the river bank and the location of its upper edge have been changed during the three years between the ALS and TLS measurement sessions. The scale of this phenomenon varies from a complete lack of erosion to lowering of the upper edge of the cliff by about 1 m, in some points even up to 2 m. The applied methods allowed us to estimate the area of the observed transformations, in contrast to the conventional methods that enable only analyses in selected transverse sections