Cultura kosher e judaica americana em “Indignação” de Philip Roth

Objective: Abstract: “Kosher” is a word used to illustrate the food laws of Jewish people. It’s a traditional Jewish law for food. For Jews, it’s more than food consumption with safety. It’s regarding religious beliefs and traditions. Jews follow proper guidelines of Kosher and give the compulsion to food to be reckoned Kosher. The English word “Kosher” is derived from the Hebrew root “Kasher”, which means to be pure, proper, or suitable for consumption. Kashrut is a charter that renders the foundation for kosher dietetic rule and is established inside ‘Torah’ which is a Jewish sacred book. Kosher dietetic rules are including all and produce a strict structure of rules and regulations which gives a sketch of foods allowed or prohibited. It also determines how foods allowed should be made, refined, and fixed before eating. The paper illustrates kosher law and food among American-Jewish people and their determination towards their religious beliefs in American land, which is not their motherland, with analysis from Philip Roth’s novel Indignation. This paper also ascertains Jewish culture into the outlook of American culture which ends with a cultural clash referring to historical consequences."Kosher" es una palabra que se usa para ilustrar las leyes alimentarias del pueblo judío. Es una ley judía tradicional para la alimentación. Para los judíos, es más que consumir alimentos con seguridad. Se trata de creencias y tradiciones religiosas. Los judíos siguen las pautas adecuadas de Kosher y dan la compulsión a la comida para ser considerada Kosher. La palabra inglesa "Kosher" se deriva de la raíz hebrea "Kasher", que significa puro, apropiado o apto para el consumo. Kashrut es una carta que constituye la base de la regla dietética kosher y se establece dentro de la ‘Torá’, que es un libro sagrado judío. Las reglas dietéticas kosher incluyen a todos y producen una estructura estricta de reglas y regulaciones que dan un bosquejo de los alimentos permitidos o prohibidos. También determina cómo se deben preparar, refinar y arreglar los alimentos permitidos antes de comerlos. El documento ilustra la ley kosher y la comida entre los judíos estadounidenses y su determinación hacia sus creencias religiosas en la tierra estadounidense, que no es su patria, con un análisis de la novela Indignación de Philip Roth. Este artículo también inscribe la cultura judía en la perspectiva de la cultura estadounidense que termina con un choque cultural que se refiere a las consecuencias históricas.“Kosher” é uma palavra usada para ilustrar as leis alimentares do povo judeu. É uma lei judaica tradicional para comida. Para os judeus, é mais do que consumir alimentos com segurança. É sobre crenças e tradições religiosas. Os judeus seguem as diretrizes adequadas de Kosher e dão a compulsão à comida de ser considerada Kosher. A palavra inglesa “Kosher” é derivada da raiz hebraica “Kasher”, que significa ser puro, adequado ou adequado para consumo. Kashrut é uma carta que torna a base para a regra dietética kosher e é estabelecida dentro da ‘Torá’, que é um livro sagrado judaico. As regras dietéticas Kosher incluem tudo e produzem uma estrutura estrita de regras e regulamentos que dão um esboço dos alimentos permitidos ou proibidos. Também determina como os alimentos permitidos devem ser preparados, refinados e fixados antes de serem consumidos. O artigo ilustra a lei e a comida kosher entre os judeus americanos e sua determinação em relação às suas crenças religiosas na terra americana, que não é sua pátria, com análise do romance Indignation, de Philip Roth. Este artigo também averigua a cultura judaica na perspectiva da cultura americana que termina com um choque cultural referente às consequências históricas

Steering surface topographies of electrospun fibers: understanding the mechanisms

A profound understanding of how to tailor surface topographies of electrospun fibers is of great importance for surface sensitive applications including optical sensing, catalysis, drug delivery and tissue engineering. Hereby, a novel approach to comprehend the driving forces for fiber surface topography formation is introduced through inclusion of the dynamic solvent-polymer interaction during fiber formation. Thus, the interplay between polymer solubility as well as computed fiber jet surface temperature changes in function of time during solvent evaporation and the resultant phase separation behavior are studied. The correlation of experimental and theoretical results shows that the temperature difference between the polymer solution jet surface temperature and the dew point of the controlled electrospinning environment are the main influencing factors with respect to water condensation and thus phase separation leading to the final fiber surface topography. As polymer matrices with enhanced surface area are particularly appealing for sensing applications, we further functionalized our nanoporous fibrous membranes with a phosphorescent oxygen-sensitive dye. The hybrid membranes possess high brightness, stability in aqueous medium, linear response to oxygen and hence represent a promising scaffold for cell growth, contactless monitoring of oxygen and live fluorescence imaging in 3-D cell models

New polymorph of InVO4: A high-pressure structure with six-coordinated vanadium

This document is the unedited Author’s version of a Submitted Work that was subsequently accepted for publication in Inorganic Chemestry, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review. To access the final edited and published work see http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ic402043xA new wolframite-type polymorph of InVO4 is identified under compression near 7 GPa by in situ high-pressure (HP) X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopic investigations on the stable orthorhombic InVO4. The structural transition is accompanied by a large volume collapse (Delta V/V = -14%) and a drastic increase in bulk modulus (from 69 to 168 GPa). Both techniques also show the existence of a third phase coexisting with the low- and high-pressure phases in a limited pressure range close to the transition pressure. XRD studies revealed a highly anisotropic compression in orthorhombic InVO4. In addition, the compressibility becomes nonlinear in the HP polymorph. The volume collapse in the lattice is related to an increase of the polyhedral coordination around the vanadium atoms. The transformation is not fully reversible. The drastic change in the polyhedral arrangement observed at the transition is indicative of a reconstructive phase transformation. The HP phase here found is the only modification of InVO4 reported to date with 6-fold coordinated vanadium atoms. Finally, Raman frequencies and pressure coefficients in the low- and high-pressure phases of InVO4 are reported.This research supported by the Spanish government MINECO under Grant Nos. MAT2010-21270-C04-01/04 and CSD2007-00045. O.G. acknowledges support from Vicerrectorado de Investigacion y Desarrollo of UPV (Grant No. UPV2011-0914 PAID-05-11 and UPV2011-0966 PAID-06-11). S.N.A. acknowledges support provided by Universitat de Valencia during his visit to it. B.G.-D. acknowledges the financial support from MINECO through the FPI program.Errandonea, D.; Gomis Hilario, O.; García-Domene, B.; Pellicer Porres, J.; Katari, V.; Achary, SN.; Tyagi, AK.... (2013). New polymorph of InVO4: A high-pressure structure with six-coordinated vanadium. Inorganic Chemistry. 52(21):12790-12798. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic402043xS1279012798522

Advanced drug delivery systems to enhance topical oromucosal administration of therapeutic agents

This project investigated the targeted buccal mucosal delivery of (i) hydrophilic small molecules and an antibody by using iontophoresis (ii) poorly water soluble drugs using polymeric nanocarriers. A short duration topical delivery of therapeutics to the buccal mucosa for locally occuring diseases would increase the bioavailability of drugs in the target area, which in turn would improve the therapeutic response and patient compliance. Chapter 1 presents a detailed analysis on the biodistribution of buflomedil hydrochloride (BUF) in the mucosa upon the application of iontophoresis, which was analysed using UPLC-MS/MS. Building on these findings; Chapter 2 investigates the co-iontophoresis of two oppositely charged drugs in the same mucosal area, BUF and dexamethasone disodium phosphate. Chapter 3 describes the topical iontophoretic delivery of rituximab to the mucosa, which was quantified using ELISA technique. Chapter 4 focuses on the development and delivery of polymeric micellar nano sized formulations of poorly water soluble corticosteroids triamcinolone acetonide and fluocinonide to the mucosa

Topical iontophoresis of buflomedil hydrochloride increases drug bioavailability in the mucosa: A targeted approach to treat oral submucous fibrosis

The aim was to investigate the effect of constant current iontophoresis on the delivery and biodistribution of buflomedil hydrochloride (BUF) in the buccal mucosa. Quantification was by UHPLC-MS/MS; in addition to total delivery, the amounts present in the epithelia and the lamina propria (the target tissue) were also determined. Two-compartment vertical diffusion cells were used to investigate the effect of current density (0.5, 1 and 2 mA/cm2), application time (5, 10 and 20 min) and concentration (5, 10 and 20 mM) on iontophoretic delivery of BUF from aqueous solutions. In contrast to passive delivery, iontophoresis for 10 min at 1 mA/cm2 resulted in statistically equivalent transport from a 20 mM solution and a 2% HEC hydrogel (with equivalent BUF loading; 20 µmol). BUF delivery from the hydrogel using diffusion cells and a new coplanar "side-by-side" set-up was statistically equivalent (304.2 ± 28.9 and 278.2 ± 40.3 µg/cm2) - passive delivery was also similar. Iontophoresis (10 min at 1 mA/cm2) using a thin film (20 µmol BUF) was superior to the passive control (323.3 ± 5.9 and 24.8 ± 5.9 µg/cm2). Concentrations in the LP were ~700-fold > IC50 to block collagen production, potentially providing a new therapeutic strategy for oral submucous fibrosis

High temperature structural, dielectric, and ion conduction properties of orthorhombic InVO<SUB>4</SUB>

Orthorhombic InVO4 was prepared by solid-state reaction method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The frequency-dependent dielectric and conductivity properties were studied from 300 to 973 K by impedance spectroscopy. A significantly enhanced conductivity was observed at higher temperature whereas almost no conduction was observed below 723 K. Appreciable grain boundary conductivity was observed at higher temperature. The activation energies for grain and grain boundary conductivities are 0.87 and 1.28 eV, respectively. The relative permittivity of ~35 was observed in a wider range of frequencies and temperatures. The frequency dispersion dielectric studies indicated thermally activated hopping conduction process. The high temperature structural studies revealed no significant change in structural parameters except a gradual increasing trend in the unit cell parameters and amplitude of isotropic thermal parameters with increasing temperature

Improvement of magnetodielectric coupling by surface functionalization of nickel nanoparticles in Ni and polyvinylidene fluoride nanohybrids

A facile surface hydroxylation treatment to modify the surface of nickel nanoparticles dispersed in ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is reported. A remarkable increase in the amount of polar β phase of PVDF has been observed upon dispersion of nickel nanoparticles in the PVDF matrix. The leakage current reduces drastically in the composite with surface-modified nickel nanoparticles. This improvement has been observed with concurrent enhancement of electrical polarization in the surface-modified nickel–PVDF composite. However, the magnetic moment of the modified composite is found to be slightly lower than that of the unmodified composite. Most importantly, the composite with surface-modified nickel exhibits magnetodielectric coupling significantly higher than that of the unmodified composite. The magnetodielectric coupling appears to be facilitated by surface hydroxyl groups on nickel. These results establish the potential of facile surface functionlization of nanoparticles toward the design of nanocomposites with higher magnetoelectric coupling

Effect of preparation conditions on magnetic and dielectric properties of Y<SUB>2</SUB>MMnO<SUB>6</SUB> (M = Co, Ni)

Herein we report the structure, magnetic and dielectric properties of Y<SUB>2</SUB>CoMnO<SUB>6</SUB> (YCMO) and Y<SUB>2</SUB>NiMnO<SUB>6</SUB> (YNMO) prepared under various conditions. On annealing in inert atmosphere, YCMO sample shows a partial decomposition while YNMO remains unaffected. Both YCMO and YNMO samples show paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition around 80 K, but only the magnetic properties of YCMO samples depend on the preparation conditions. YCMO samples show antiferromagnetic ground state in zero field and a metamagnetic transition at relatively low field (~2 T). Differences in the annealing environment do not destroy the initial antiparallel spin order in YCMO, but affect the critical fields of metamagnetic transition. The field-dependent magnetic properties indicated soft ferromagnetic nature of YNMO samples. The dielectric measurements show distinct frequency and temperature-dependent features in YCMO samples compared to YNMO samples. A large relative permittivity with ε׳ of about 10<SUP>4</SUP> is observed in both O<SUB>2</SUB> and air-annealed YCMO samples. Multiple dielectric relaxations are observed in all the annealed YCMO and YNMO samples

Structural and electrical properties of layered perovskite type Pr<SUB>2</SUB>Ti<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB>: experimental and theoretical investigations

In this communication we report the details of the structural and thermal properties of monoclinic layered perovskite type Pr2Ti2O7 (PTO) using ambient to higher temperature XRD and Raman spectroscopic studies. The monoclinic (P21) structure is found to be the stable structure of PTO compared to the orthorhombic Pna21, Cmc21 or Cmcm and monoclinic P21/m structures. The crystal structure is further supported by the ab initio total energy calculations using density functional theory (DFT) formalism. The total energy calculation and structural relationship favour the ferroelectric (P21) to paraelectric (P21/m) displacive transition. The calculated electric polarization as observed from the displacement of ions is ∼8.3 μC cm−2. The calculated electron density of states indicated a band gap of about 2.7 eV, which closely agrees with that measured by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Variable temperature XRD and differential thermal analysis studies revealed no structural transition to Cmc21 in the temperature range from ambient to 1473 K as reported for analogous rare-earth titanates, like La2Ti2O7 and Nd2Ti2O7. A partial decomposition of PTO to cubic perovskite type structure is observed at around 1673 K. The measurement of field dependent electric polarization indicates the ferroelectric nature of PTO. The electrical properties of PTO have also been investigated by ac impedance spectroscopic studies from 173 to 1073 K. The low temperature dielectric data indicate two different types of relaxations, one at a lower frequency region and strongly temperature dependent while the other at a higher frequency region (>1 kHz) and nearly temperature independent. The low and high frequency relaxations have been attributed to the thermally activated polarization process arising from the grain boundaries and dipolar orientations, respectively. The activation energy for a thermally activated low frequency relaxation process is 0.38 eV, which is similar to the interfacial polarizations due to ionic movements. An appreciable contribution of ionic conductivity in PTO is observed at still higher temperature (∼700 K). The activation energy for ionic conductivity is about 0.60 eV