On Enriched Categories and Induced Representations

We show that induced representations for a pair of $\textit{diffeological Lie groups}$ exist, in the form of an indexed colimit in the category of diffeological spaces.Comment: 24 page

External electric field effect on electron transport in carbon nanotubes

Electronic transport properties of carbon nanotubes are studied theoretically in the presence of external electric field E(t) by using the Boltzmann's transport with constant relaxation time. An analytical expression for the current densities of the nanotubes are obtained. It is observed that the current density-electric field characteristics of the CNs exhibit total self-induced transparency and absolute negative conductivityComment: 5 pages, 2 figure

The 5-HT2A Receptor Antagonist M100907 Produces Antiparkinsonian Effects and Decreases Striatal Glutamate

5-HT plays a regulatory role in voluntary movements of the basal ganglia and has a major impact on disorders of the basal ganglia such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinical studies have suggested that 5-HT2 receptor antagonists may be useful in the treatment of the motor symptoms of PD. We hypothesized that 5-HT2A receptor antagonists may restore motor function by regulating glutamatergic activity in the striatum. Mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exhibited decreased performance on the beam-walking apparatus. Peripheral administration of the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 improved performance of MPTP-treated mice on the beam-walking apparatus. In vivo microdialysis revealed an increase in striatal extracellular glutamate in MPTP-treated mice and local perfusion of M100907 into the dorsal striatum significantly decreased extracellular glutamate levels in saline and MPTP-treated mice. Our studies suggest that blockade of 5-HT2A receptors may represent a novel therapeutic target for the motor symptoms of PD

Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Non-Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Accra, Ghana

One of the major challenges facing health professionals is the prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Most Gram-negative bacteria produce beta-lactamases which are enzymes that in-activate ?-lactams. Recent publications suggested that extended spectrum beta-lactamase production in E. coli and K. pneumoniae is one of the main causes of antimicrobial resistance in penicillins, cephalosporins and some non-beta-lactam antibiotics in Accra. This present work sought to determine the resistance profile of antimicrobials to non-ESBL-producing isolates in Accra. The 400 K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolates were screened for non-ESBL-producing strains using the combined disk method. The minimum inhibition concentration for 17 antibiotics was determined using Vitek 2 Compact System (bioMérieux, Marcy I’Etoile, France).  Among the 400 total bacterial isolates, 198 (49.5%) were non-ESBL producers. Co-resistances to ampicillin (66.7%), piperacillin (59.1%), tetracycline (77.8%) and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (68.2%) have been collaborated in this work. The increasing rise in resistance to the beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination antibiotics such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (13.6%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (18.7%) is problematic since they have become the empirical drug of choice for treating most infections. The steady increase in resistance to gentamicin (17.2%) as well as the floroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin (39.4%) and norfloxacin (34.9%) is alarming. In the absence of ESBLs, cephalosporins generally have been effective in treating infections caused by enterobacteria. Nitrofurantoin remains reliable for managing non-life threatening urinary tract infections. Amikacin and imipenem continue to be effective third-line treatment options for Gram-negative bacteria infections.  As antibiotic resistance increases and the development of new antimicrobials declines, it is imperative that we use antimicrobials that are still effective rationally. Evidence based antibiotic prescriptions and usage as well as regular evaluation of antibiotic resistance will help to control the spread of antibiotic resistance in Accra, Ghana. Keywords: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase, Resistance, Antibioti

Antibiotic Resistance Profile of CTX-M-type Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Accra, Ghana

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are plasmid-mediated beta lactamases that are capable of hydrolysing beta-lactams except carbapenems and cephamycins. The most common ESBL types include CTX-M, TEM and SHV. This genetic diversity in the various ESBL-producing organisms may reflect characteristic differences in relation to pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance expression, response to therapy, transmission and infection control. This work sought to determine the characteristic antibiotic minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) and antimicrobial sensitivity profile of CTX-M-type ESBLs in Accra. Hundred (100) DNA templates were extracted from ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolates. The specific ESBL types were determined by polymerase chain reaction with specific primers and reaction conditions. The MICs of the antibiotics were determined using Vitek 2 Compact System (bioMérieux, Marcy I’Etoile, France). The results showed that CTX-M-type ESBL have cefotaxime MIC in the resistant range of >64 µg/ml. The CTX-M-type ß-lactamases showed co-resistances to gentamicin (88.6%), tetracycline (71.4%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (98.6%).The resistance of CTX-M-type ESBL producing organisms to fluoroquinolones have been well established in this work with resistances in ciprofloxacin (71.4%) and norfloxacin (71.4%) with MIC90 being >4 µg/ml and >16 µg/ml respectively. The beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combination of piperacillin-tazobactam was more susceptible to CTX-M-type ESBL than amoxicillin-clavulanate. Imipenem and amikacin has been established as the in vitro drug of choice for the management of organisms producing CTX-M-type ESBL in this present work. Efforts should be made to control the increasing prevalence of CTX-M-type producing organisms in the communities and hospital settings in Accra with their adverse multiple-drug resistance. Keywords: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase, CTX-M-type ESBL, Resistance, Antibiotics