Dårlig arrondering – konsekvenser for økologiske kvægbrug

En del økologiske bedrifter har betydelige jordarealer, som ligger uden direkte tilknytning til staldanlægget. Hvad det betyder for bedriftens produktion, næringsstofbalance og økonomi er undersøgt i et nyligt afsluttet FØJO III projekt. Det viser sig, at transportomkostningerne ikke altid kan modsvares af værdien af øget udbytte

Forskellige systemers forventede produktionsmæssige, økonomiske og miljømæssige resultater

Selv om der de sidste fire år har været en kraftig stigning i den økologiske svineproduktion i Danmark, udgør den økologiske slagtesvineproduktion mindre end 0,5% af den totale slagtesvineproduktion, og erfaringsgrundlaget for gennemførelsen af den økologiske svineproduktion er derfor spinkelt. I mange tilfælde er svineproduktionen indrettet således, at søerne holdes på friland, mens slagtesvinene året rundt opstaldes i stalde med tilhørende udearealer, og det er for sådanne systemer, at videngrundlaget er bedst

Organic large scale dairy farming – a model study of the effect of stocking rate and distance from dairy facilities to farm land on productivity, nutrient balance and economic result

Organic livestock farms, at least in the northern part of Europe, are dominated by rather specialized units with production based on only one type of livestock, as dairy cows. The specialization is followed by a steady increase in size of the production unit, both in number of livestock and area belonging to the farm. In Denmark has the average organic dairy farm changed from 83 cows and 100 ha in 2000 to 136 cows and 172 ha in 2010; also production per cow has increased in this period from 6825 kg milk annually to 8100 kg in 2010. Such rather large changes over a decade often results in layout of the farm with long distance from the dairy facilities to the farm land. In organic dairy farming this is especially challenging as the dairy herd need to have access to pasture during the summer period. In the present regulation () it is stated that “over a period of at least 150 days the cows need to have a intake of not less than 6 SFU (identical to 7.85 MJ NEL) daily from pasture”. Another challenge is the transport of manure and roughage between the dairy facilities and the distant areas, as the major part of the feed in organic dairy production has to be roughage (). From a crop production perspective the challenge is to establish a crop rotation at the near area with a high proportion of pasture, without compromising the productivity and creation of a large surplus of nutrient and on the other hand at the distant area to insure sufficient application of manure and incorporation of clover‐grass in the rotation. The last issue being a challenge due to the transport cost of manure to the fields and roughage from the fields to the dairy facilities

Apixaban versus Enoxaparin for Thromboprophylaxis in Medically Ill Patients

BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of prolonging prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in medically ill patients beyond hospital discharge remain uncertain. We hypothesized that extended prophylaxis with apixaban would be safe and more effective than short-term prophylaxis with enoxaparin. METHODS: In this double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned acutely ill patients who had congestive heart failure or respiratory failure or other medical disorders and at least one additional risk factor for venous thromboembolism and who were hospitalized with an expected stay of at least 3 days to receive apixaban, administered orally at a dose of 2.5 mg twice daily for 30 days, or enoxaparin, administered subcutaneously at a dose of 40 mg once daily for 6 to 14 days. The primary efficacy outcome was the 30-day composite of death related to venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis, or asymptomatic proximal-leg deep-vein thrombosis, as detected with the use of systematic bilateral compression ultrasonography on day 30. The primary safety outcome was bleeding. All efficacy and safety outcomes were independently adjudicated. RESULTS: A total of 6528 subjects underwent randomization, 4495 of whom could be evaluated for the primary efficacy outcome--2211 in the apixaban group and 2284 in the enoxaparin group. Among the patients who could be evaluated, 2.71% in the apixaban group (60 patients) and 3.06% in the enoxaparin group (70 patients) met the criteria for the primary efficacy outcome (relative risk with apixaban, 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62 to 1.23; P=0.44). By day 30, major bleeding had occurred in 0.47% of the patients in the apixaban group (15 of 3184 patients) and in 0.19% of the patients in the enoxaparin group (6 of 3217 patients) (relative risk, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.02 to 7.24; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In medically ill patients, an extended course of thromboprophylaxis with apixaban was not superior to a shorter course with enoxaparin. Apixaban was associated with significantly more major bleeding events than was enoxaparin. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00457002.)