Phylogeny of NRY haplogroups and their relative frequencies in Belarusians.

<p>Haplogroup-defining biallelic markers are in parentheses. Belarusian sub-populations are designated as BeN – North, BeC – Centre, BeE – East, BeW – West, BeWP – West Polesie, BeEP – East Polesie. Sample sizes and absolute frequencies are also given.</p

Maximum parsimony tree of mtDNA haplogroup N1a3.

<p>The tree includes 20 novel complete sequences (marked with an asterisk and underlined accession numbers) and eight previously published <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499-Fernandes1" target="_blank">[42]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499-Schnberg1" target="_blank">[50(and references therein)]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499-Behar1" target="_blank">[51]</a>. Mutations relative to the RSRS <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499-Behar1" target="_blank">[51]</a> are indicated on the branches; transversions are specified with a lower case letter; Y and R stand for heteroplasmy; underlining indicates positions experiencing recurrent mutations within the tree while exclamation marks refer to one (!) or two (!!) back mutations relative to the RSRS. Coalescence age estimates for N1a3 and N1a3a obtained by employing the complete genome and synonymous (ρ) clocks, indicated by # and @, respectively, are also shown.</p

Maximum parsimony tree of mtDNA haplogroup N3.

<p>The tree includes 13 novel (marked with an asterisk and underlined accession numbers) and three previously published <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499-Schnberg1" target="_blank">[50]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499-Behar1" target="_blank">[51]</a> complete sequences. Mutations relative to the RSRS <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499-Behar1" target="_blank">[51]</a> are shown on the branches; transversions are specified with a lower case letter; underlining indicates positions which experienced recurrent mutations within the tree, while the exclamation mark (!) refers to one back mutation relative to the RSRS. Rho coalescence time estimates and their confidence intervals for haplogroup N3 and its major sub-branch N3a obtained from the complete genome clock are also shown.</p

Geographic position of Belarus within Europe.

<p>Map of Belarus demonstrating the six geographic sub-regions studied is shown on the right. Numbers 1–19 correspond to the location of sampling points (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499.s006" target="_blank">Table S1</a>). Lit – Lithuania, Lat – Latvia, Est – Estonia.</p

Maximum Parsimony tree (based on MJ network) of NRY haplogroup I2a(P37) calculated from <i>seven</i> Y-STRs.

<p>Balkan populations include Bosnians, Croatians and Slovenians. Altogether 347 individuals are analyzed, the sample size of each population and the set of Y-STRs used for calculations are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499.s014" target="_blank">Table S9</a>.</p

Maximum Parsimony tree (based on MJ network) of NRY haplogroup N1c(Tat) calculated from <i>seven</i> Y-STRs.

<p>Volga-Uralic populations include Komis (Priluzhski, Izhevski), Udmurts, Maris, Bashkirs, Chuvashes. Altogether 402 individuals are analyzed, the sample size of each population and the set of Y-STRs used for calculations are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499.s014" target="_blank">Table S9</a>.</p

PC analysis based on mtDNA haplogroup frequencies among eastern Europeans and Balkan populations.

<p>The contribution of each haplogroup to the first and the second PCs is shown in gray. The group “Other” includes “Other” from published data merged with uncommon haplogroups L1b, L2a and L3f. Frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups and references are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499.s008" target="_blank">Table S3</a>.</p

PC plot based on NRY haplogroup frequencies among eastern Europeans and Balkan populations.

<p>The contribution of each haplogroup to the first and the second PCs are shown in gray. Population abbreviations are as follows: BeN, BeW, BeC, BeWP, BeEP, BeE – Belarusians from North, West, Central, West Polesie, East Polesie and East sub-regions, respectively, filled red circle denotes the total Belarusian population; RuS, RuC, RuN – Russians from southern, central and northern regions, respectively; Finns K – Finns from Karelia. K*(x N,P) refers to samples with M9, M20, M70 derived alleles and 92R7, M214 ancestral alleles; P*(xR) refers to samples with 92R7, M242 derived alleles and M207 ancestral allele; F*(xI,J,K) refers to samples with M89 derived allele and M9, M201, M170, 12f2 ancestral alleles; C(xF)DE refers to samples with Yap and M130 derived and M89 ancestral alleles. Frequencies of NRY haplogroups and references are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499.s008" target="_blank">Table S3</a>.</p

Phylogeny of mtDNA haplogroups and their relative frequencies in Belarusians.

<p>The tree is rooted relative to the RSRS according to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066499#pone.0066499-Behar1" target="_blank">[51]</a>. Belarusian sub-populations are designated as BeE – East, BeWP – West Polesie, BeEP – East Polesie, BeN – North, BeC – Centre, BeW – West. Sample sizes and absolute frequencies are also given.</p