Water-wise Rice Production

Rice is a profligate user of water. It takes 3,000–5,000 liters to produce 1 kilogram of rice, which is about 2 to 3 times more than to produce 1 kilogram of other cereals such as wheat or maize. Until recently, this amount of water has been taken for granted. Now, however, the water crisis threatens the sustainability of the irrigated rice ecosystem. In Asia, 17 million ha of irrigated rice areas may experience ‘physical water scarcity’ and 22 million ha ‘economic water scarcity’ by 2025. To safeguard food security and preserve precious water resources, ways must be explored to grow rice using less water. IRRI, together with Plant Research International of Wageningen University and Research Centre, organized a thematic workshop on Water-Wise Rice Production held 8-11 April 2002 at IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines. The objectives were to present and discuss the state-of-the-art in the development, dissemination, and adoption of water-saving technologies at spatial scales ranging from the field to irrigation system. This book contains the papers presented at the workshop

Assessment of RNAi-induced silencing in banana (Musa spp.)

In plants, RNA- based gene silencing mediated by small RNAs functions at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level to negatively regulate target genes, repetitive sequences, viral RNAs and/or transposon elements. Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) or the RNA interference (RNAi) approach has been achieved in a wide range of plant species for inhibiting the expression of target genes by generating double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). However, to our knowledge, successful RNAi-application to knock-down endogenous genes has not been reported in the important staple food crop banana

Model Transformation as Conservative Theory-Transformation

This is the final version. Available on open access from the Journal of Object Technology via the DOI in this recordModel transformations play a central role in model-driven software development. Hence, logical unsafe model transformation can result in erroneous systems. Still, most model transformations are written in languages that do not provide built-in safeness guarantees. We present a new technique to construct tool support for domain-specific languages (DSLs) inside the interactive theorem prover environment Isabelle. Our approach is based on modeling the DSL formally in higher-order logic (HOL), modeling the API of Isabelle inside it, and defining the transformation between these two. Reflection via the powerful code generators yields code that can be integrated as extension into Isabelle and its user interface. Moreover, we use code generation to produce tactic code which is bound to appropriate command-level syntax. Our approach ensures the logical safeness (conservativity) of the theorem prover extension and, thus, provides a certified tool for the DSL in all aspects: the deductive capacities of theorem prover, code generation, and IDE support. We demonstrate our approach by extending Isabelle/HOL with support for UML/OCL and, more generally, providing support for a formal object-oriented modeling method

Impact of alternate wetting and drying irrigation on rice growth and resource-use efficiency

Crop-based irrigationRiceFertilizersNitrogenRainCrop yieldPercolationSeepagePaddy fieldsExperiments

Recent Developments in OCL and Textual Modelling

The panel session of the 16th OCL workshop featured a lightning talk session for discussing recent developments and open questions in the area of OCL and textual modelling. During this session, the OCL community discussed, stimulated through short presentations by OCL experts, tool support, potential future extensions, and suggested initiatives to make the textual modelling community even more successful. This collaborative paper, to which each OCL expert contributed one section, summarises the discussions as well as describes the recent developments and open questions presented in the lightning talks

Effectiveness and safety of in vitro maturation of oocytes versus in vitro fertilisation in women with high antral follicle count : Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

This work was supported by Ferring grant number 000323 and sponsored by My Duc Hospital.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The impact of hypoxia on B cells in COVID-19

Background: Prominent early features of COVID-19 include severe, often clinically silent, hypoxia and a pronounced reduction in B cells, the latter important in defence against SARS-CoV-2. This presentation resembles the phenotype of mice with VHL-deficient B cells, in which Hypoxia-Inducible Factors are constitutively active, suggesting hypoxia might drive B cell abnormalities in COVID-19. Methods: Detailed B cell phenotyping was undertaken by flow-cytometry on longitudinal samples from patients with COVID-19 across a range of severities (NIHR Cambridge BioResource). The impact of hypoxia on the transcriptome was assessed by single-cell and whole blood RNA sequencing analysis. The direct effect of hypoxia on B cells was determined through immunisation studies in genetically modified and hypoxia-exposed mice. Findings: We demonstrate the breadth of early and persistent defects in B cell subsets in moderate/severe COVID-19, including reduced marginal zone-like, memory and transitional B cells, changes also observed in B cell VHL-deficient mice. These findings were associated with hypoxia-related transcriptional changes in COVID-19 patient B cells, and similar B cell abnormalities were seen in mice kept in hypoxic conditions. Interpretation: Hypoxia may contribute to the pronounced and persistent B cell pathology observed in acute COVID-19 pneumonia. Assessment of the impact of early oxygen therapy on these immune defects should be considered, as their correction could contribute to improved outcomes. Funding: Evelyn Trust, Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust, UKRI/NIHR, Wellcome Trus