Hardal uçucu yağı ve ana bileşiğinin tek başına ve değiştirilmiş atmosfer uygulamaları ile kombinasyonun Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)'a karşı fümigant etkisi]

This study was carried out in 2017 in Entomology Laboratory of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University to determine fumigant toxicity of mustard essential oil and its main compound (allyl isothiocyanate) alone and in combination with high concentration (92%) of CO2 or N2 to all life stages of Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was determined. Preliminary bioassay tests indicated that 10 µl/l of mustard essential oil and allyl isothiocyanate alone resulted in 100% mortality for all life stages of T. confusum without any necessity of CO2 and N2 combinations. Lethal concentration tests indicated that combinations of mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate with 92% CO2 produced 1.8 to 7.3 times reductions in LC90 values for larvae, pupae and adults of T. confusum. Generally, the combinations of mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate with 92% CO2 were more toxic to larvae, pupae and adults of T. confusum than those in combinations with 92% N2 as evidenced by significant decrements in their LC50 and LC90 values. It appears that high concentration of CO2 or N2 might have a synergistic effect on larvae, pupae and adults of T. confusum when exposed together with mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate. In conclusion, this study indicates that combinations of mustard essential oil or its main compound, allyl isothiocyanate with modified atmospheres can be a potential alternative to the most commonly used commercial fumigants, methyl bromide and phosphine. © 2019 Entomological Society of Turkey. All rights reserved

Toxicity of propylene oxide alone and in combination with low pressure or carbon dioxide against life stages of Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under laboratory conditions

A series of tests was carried out in the laboratory for comparison of the insecticidal effect of propylene oxide (PPO) alone and in combination with low pressure and/or elevated levels of carbon dioxide against eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). All life stages of E. cautella were exposed to PPO alone and in combination with either a low pressure of 100 mm Hg or 92% CO2for 4 h at 26 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity (r.h.). The results indicated that PPO alone was moderately effective with concentration x time products (Ct products) required to obtain 99% mortality of the different life stages of E. cautella ranging between 66.1 and 536.2 mg h/L. The life stages differed in their susceptibility to PPO. Eggs were the most susceptible with a LC99value of 16.5 mg/L, whereas pupae were the most tolerant with a LC99value of 134.1 mg/L. Mortality of all life stages was extremely low (1.3–18.8%), when exposed to either the low pressure or 92% CO2alone for 4 h. However, when low pressure or 92% CO2were combined with PPO, the LC50and LC99values for all stages of E. cautella were notably reduced. Combination of PPO with low pressure or 92% CO2caused reductions in the LC99values for all life stages, compared with those exposed to PPO alone. These results indicated that low pressure (100 mm Hg, equals to 13,332 Pa or 0.13 atm) and 92% CO2clearly increased the efficacy of PPO to E. cautella. By considering the overall insecticidal efficacy data, the combination of PPO with low pressure was, in all cases, more effective than the combination of PPO with CO2. © 2017 Elsevier Lt

Effects of lipopolysaccharide and juvenile hormone III treatments on cell growth and gene expression in the Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) CCE/CC128 cell line

The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is one of the most important insect pest species in the world. It has a high colonization capacity and population variety, giving it considerable genetic diversity. Strategies for its control have included the sterile insect technique and insect growth regulators. Many studies have analyzed the medfly transcriptome, and along with the medfly genome sequence, the sequences of multiple genes related to sex determination, mating, development, pheromone detection, immunity, or stress have been identified. In this study, the medfly CCE/CC128 cell line was used to assess cell growth variation and changes in the expression of genes covering different functions, after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and juvenile hormone III (JHIII) treatments. No significant effects on cell growth and gene expression were observed in the cells treated with LPS. In the cells treated with JHIII, the results showed significant effects on cell growth, and an overexpression was found of the Shade gene, one of the Halloween gene members of the cytochrome p450 family, which is involved in development and the synthesis of 20-hydroxyecdysone. This study shows preliminary results on the insect cell line in combination with whole-genome sequencing, which can facilitate studies regarding growth, toxicity, immunity, and transcriptome regulations as a response to different compounds and environmental alterations