Pilot ölçekli bir yapay sulakalan sisteminin arıtma performansının incelenmesi

In this study, the pilot-scale constructed wetland systems were examined for their capacity to remove ammonium and nitrate nitrogen under different hydraulic loading rates (30, 50, 70, 80 and 120 L m-2 d-1) . The effects of the plant species on the removal were investigated by using emergent (Canna, Cyperus, Typhia spp., Phragmites spp., Juncus, Poaceae, Paspalum and Iris), submerged (Elodea, Egeria and Valisneria) and floating (Pistia, Salvina and Lemna) marsh plants at different conditions. The average annual NH4+-N and NO3--N treatment efficiencies in SSF and FWS wetlands are 73% and 57%, 37% and 58%, respectively. The SSF systems demonstrated better performance for the removal of NH4-N when compared with the FWS systems. The average NH4-N and NO3--N treatment efficiencies in the serial system are approximately 89% and 73%, respectively. These results showed that the serial system enhances nitrogen removal. Nitrification and denitrification removal rate constants (k20) in SSF and FWS sytems have found as 0.898 d-1 and 0.541 d-1, 0.486 d-1 and 0.502 d-1 respectively. Two types of the models (first- order plug flow and multiple regression) were tried to estimate the system performances. Regression models for the wetland systems were found to provide better predictions of effluent concentrations than first-order plug flow models. These results show that the first-order plug flow model clearly estimates slightly higher or lower values than observed when compared to the other model. This is the case because the transformations of nitrogen in constructed wetlands are a very complicated and dynamic process and many factors (for example, ammonia volatilisation and plant uptake) directly or indirectly affect the system's treatment performance.  Based on this fact, basic kinetic models must be re-worked to include these factors.   Keywords: Constructed wetlands, biological nitrogen removal.Bu çalışmada, pilot ölçekli yapay sulakalan sistemlerinin farklı hidrolik yük (30, 50, 70, 80 ve 120 L m-2 gün-1) etkisi altındaki amonyum ve nitrat azotu giderim kapasiteleri incelenmiştir. Farklı cinste köklü (Canna, Cyperus, Typhia spp., Phragmites spp., Juncus, Poaceae, Paspalum ve Iris), batık (Elodea, Egeria ve Valisneria) ve yüzücü (Pistia, Salvina ve Lemna) bataklık bitkileri kullanılarak  bitkilerin giderim üzerine etkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Yüzeyaltı akışlı (YAAS) ve serbest yüzey akışlı (SYAS) sulakalan sistemlerinin NH4+-N ve NO3--N arıtma verimleri sırayla; %73 ve %57, %37 ve %58 olarak bulunmuştur. Nitrifikasyon hız sabitleri 0.898 gün-1 (YAAS), 0.541 gün-1 (SYAS) ve denitrifikasyon hız sabitleri 0.486 gün-1 (YAAS), 0.502 gün-1 (SYAS) olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonunda elde edilen verilerle birinci dereceden piston akım modeline ve çoklu regresyon ilişkilerine dayanılarak tahmini çıkış değerleri elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak çıkış konsantrasyonlarının tahmininde çoklu regresyon modelle daha iyi sonuçlar alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yapay sulakalanlar, biyolojik azot giderimi.&nbsp

Wetlands for wastewater treatment and subsequent recycling of treated effluent : a review

Due to water scarcity challenges around the world, it is essential to think about non-conventional water resources to address the increased demand in clean freshwater. Environmental and public health problems may result from insufficient provision of sanitation and wastewater disposal facilities. Because of this, wastewater treatment and recycling methods will be vital to provide sufficient freshwater in the coming decades, since water resources are limited and more than 70% of water are consumed for irrigation purposes. Therefore, the application of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation has much potential, especially when incorporating the reuse of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous, which are essential for plant production. Among the current treatment technologies applied in urban wastewater reuse for irrigation, wetlands were concluded to be the one of the most suitable ones in terms of pollutant removal and have advantages due to both low maintenance costs and required energy. Wetland behavior and efficiency concerning wastewater treatment is mainly linked to macrophyte composition, substrate, hydrology, surface loading rate, influent feeding mode, microorganism availability, and temperature. Constructed wetlands are very effective in removing organics and suspended solids, whereas the removal of nitrogen is relatively low, but could be improved by using a combination of various types of constructed wetlands meeting the irrigation reuse standards. The removal of phosphorus is usually low, unless special media with high sorption capacity are used. Pathogen removal from wetland effluent to meet irrigation reuse standards is a challenge unless supplementary lagoons or hybrid wetland systems are used

Combined natural wastewater treatment systems for removal of organic matter and phosphorus from polluted streams

Natural wastewater treatment (NWT)systems may be a most suitable and economical solution method to ensure a cleaner environment and sustainable production in control of water pollution. Therefore, in this study, a NWT system was designed to reduce existing pollution in over-polluted Kızılca creek (Nigde, Turkey). The combined system consists of a settlement basin (SB), free water surface constructed wetland (FWS-CW)planted with Phragmites communis, and overland flow (OF)system planted with Italian ryegrass, respectively. The system was installed on the edge of the creek in 2014. Over-polluted creek water was treated by passing through the system, and the treated water was discharged into the creek. Total suspended solid (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphorus (TP)parameters were analyzed on samples taken from the inputs and outputs of all stages of the system. During an operating period of about 18 months, it was observed that the pollutant parameters were reduced to a great extent. Despite the high organic loading, it was determined that the treatment system could remove the TSS and the BOD up to 85%, and the TP up to 49%. Average removals were found to be higher in warm weather conditions where vegetation could grow best. Results suggest that the combined NWT systems can be used as a low-cost wastewater treatment alternative to improve the water quality of polluted streams in similar areas. © 2019 Elsevier LtdThis study was financially supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) , through the Project n. 113Y589 . The author wishes to thank the TUBITAK for financial support. Appendix

Genel işlem koşullarının denetimi

Türk hukukunun gelişmelerini takip edip güncel düzenlemelerini örnek aldığı ve çağdaş hukuk sistemleri içerisinde özgürlükçü olarak bilinen Batı hukukunda uzun yıllardır yer alan ancak bizim mevzuatımıza tam anlamıyla 6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu ile 1 Temmuz 2012 yılında dâhil olan genel işlem koşullarına dair düzenlemeler, özel hukuk alanına hâkim olan sözleşme özgürlüğü ve bozulan taraf eşitliğinin tekrar tesisi amacıyla getirilen ve zayıfların korunmasına hizmet eden hükümlerdendir. Gerçekten de genel işlem koşullarına dair en ayrıntılı düzenlemeler 6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nun 20-25.maddeleri arasında yer almıştır. Ancak birtakım özel kanunlarda da genel işlem koşulları ile ilgili özel düzenlemeler mevcuttur. Çalışmamızda, öncelikle konu ile bağlı kalarak 6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanununda yer alan düzenlemelerden; ardından gerek duyuldukça diğer özel kanunlar ve Alman Medeni Kanun’u hükümlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Zira Alman Medeni Kanun’u, genel işlem koşullarına dair düzenlemelerin çıkış noktası sayılmakla beraber kanunumuzda yer alan ayrıntılı düzenlemelerin de kaynağını teşkil etmektedir. Özetle tezimizde 6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu'nun 20-25 arasında düzenlenen Genel İşlem Koşullarının yorum denetimi, yürürlük denetimi, içerik denetimi ve idari denetim konuları detaylı incelenmiştir. The most detailed regulations are taking part in Turkish law with the acceptance of Code of Obligations no. 6098 which is registered to our system in 1st July 2012. In my dissertation, the regulations in the Turkish code of obligations, the related private law topics and German civil law rules that are related with the 6098th code of obligation. As the German civil law is being accepted as the starting point of the standartized terms of contract in law, it is used in the disseration for theoretical analysis. To conclude, in the dissertation, contents between 20th and 25th topics of Turkish Code of Obligations no. 6098 is detailly analyzed with their content audit, operational and validity controls and administrative audit perspectives

A sample study on nitrogen removal from polluted streams by using hybrid natural wastewater treatment systems

The ecological structure and function of the water reservoirs deteriorate dramatically because of streams fed by the excess nitrogen-containing wastewater. To protect the water reservoirs from polluted streams, structures such as natural wastewater treatment (NWT) systems to be created inside or outside streams may be a most suitable and economical solution method to overcoming the problem. In this study, a hybrid NWT system was installed to remove nitrogenous pollutants in Karasu creek (Nigde city, Turkey) in 2014. The system built near the creek consisted of feeding basin (FB), settlement basin (SB), free water surface-constructed wetland (FWS-CW), and overland flow (OF) system respectively. Despite quite high nitrogen loading rates, the system managed to reduce NH4 +-N from average 29 mg/L to 12 mg/L and TN from 44 mg/L to 19 mg/L with an average removal efficiency of 57%. Results revealed that hydraulic and nitrogen loading rate, temperature and seasonal variation, BOD/TKN ratio, hydraulic residence time (HRT), and the use of the filter material were effective on nitrogen removal. The results suggest that the hybrid NWT systems can be used as a low-cost wastewater treatment alternative to improve water quality in streams contaminated by nitrogenous pollutants in the similar areas. © 2018 Global NEST Printed in Greece. All rights reserved

Akarsularda Doğal Atıksu Arıtma Sistemleri Kullanılarak Su Kirliliğinin Önlenmesi

This study aims to prevent excessive pollution and conservation of biodiversity in over-polluted Niğde Creek feeding Akkaya lake. Therefore, a pilot-scale hybrid natural wastewater treatment (NWT) system was constructed at edge of the stream in 2014. The system consisted of settling basin (SB), followed by a free water surface constructed wetland (FWSCW) and overland flow (OF) bed was fed with contaminated waters of creek. Water samples were collected for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) analysis from 6 different stations chosen in the creek and the lake, and the inputs and outputs of the system. According to the study results, the BOD concentrations in the creek and lake showed significant changes during operation period. While the BOD concentration in the lake was not much affected by the seasonal changes, the BOD concentrations in the creek were higher in the warmer seasons. The study results indicated that the creek was over-polluted due to high organic matter input, and lake became eutrophic. Despite the high organic matter load, the treatment system dramatically reduced the average BOD from 471 mg l-1 up to an average of 88 mg l-1. The results indicated that the treatment system might be a very successful treatment application for rehabilitation of the creek ecosystem and thus the improvement of the water quality.Bu çalışma, Akkaya gölünü besleyen ve aşırı kirletilmiş Niğde deresindeki aşırı kirlenmenin önlenmesi ve biyoçeşitliliğin korunumunu amaçlamaktadır. Bu sebeple, pilot-ölçekli karma bir doğal atıksu arıtma (DAA) sistemi 2014 yılında derenin yakın kenarında inşa edilmiştir. Sistem sırayla çökeltme havuzu (ÇH), serbest yüzey akışlı yapay sulakalan (SYA-YS) ve arazi üzerinden akışlı (AÜA) bir yataktan oluşmuş ve derenin kirletilmiş suları ile beslenmiştir. Su örnekleri; sıcaklık, pH, çözünmüş oksijen (ÇO) ve biyokimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (BOİ) analizleri için dereden ve gölden seçilen 6 farklı istasyondan ve arıtma sisteminin giriş ve çıkışlarından alınmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, dere ve göldeki BOİ konsantrasyonları işletme periyodu süresince önemli değişiklikler göstermiştir. Göldeki BOİ konsantrasyonu mevsimsel değişmelerden fazla etkilenmezken deredeki BOİ konsantrasyonları sıcak mevsimlerde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonuçları, derenin yüksek organik madde girişinden dolayı aşırı derecede kirletildiğini ve gölün ötrofik hale geçtiğini göstermiştir. Yüksek organik madde yüküne rağmen arıtma sistemi yaklaşık olarak %83 BOİ giderme verimi sağlamıştır. Sonuçlar, arıtma sisteminin dere ekosisteminin rehabilitasyonu ve böylece su kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi için çok faydalı bir uygulama olabileceğini göstermiştir

European economic community and Turkish tourism

Çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde; AT’ daki Turizm incelenecek, Topluluğun turizm politikaları ekonomik etkileri incelenecektir. sektörü yapısal olarak belirtilecek ve turizmin İkinci bölümde; Türk turizminin yapısı, turizm politikaları ve Turizmin Türk Ekonomisi üzerindeki etkileri tartışılacaktır. Üçüncü bölümde; AT’ na girişimizin Türk turizmi üzerindeki muhtemel etkileri, Türkiye ve AT’ in dünya turizmindeki yeri incelenecektir. Ayrıca; AT ülkeleri ve Türkiye’ nin ekonomik sektörler ve Göstergelerin karşılaştırılması, Türk turizminin bütünleşmenin bu sorunların çözümüne etkileri; Temel Ekonomik sorunları, ve yine bu bölümde ele alınmaktadır