Averroes’ understanding of the role of philosophy and philosophers in the state

Ibn Rušd (1126—1198), a.k.a. Averoes, ekspert islamskog prava (fiqh), kadija i faylasuf, napisao je 1194. godine u Kordobi Komentar Platonove Države. U tom, hermeneutički enigmatskom delu, Averoes je uz originalni komentar Platonovog političkog učenja, izneo i svoje shvatanje uloge filozofije i filozofa u idealnoj državi, kao i u akutelnom islamskom poretku svog podneblja i epohe. Za Averoesa, „kralj“, „zakonodavac“, imam i „filozof“ sinonimne su odlike čelnika idealne države. Averoes istovremeno smatra da je filozof u al-Andalusu u XII veku, „u poziciji čoveka koji se našao pred opasnim zverima“. Istraživanje sebi stavlja u zadatak da pokaže da je Averoesovo shvatanje uloge filozofije i filozofa u državi, primer misaone otvorenosti srednjovekovnog mislioca za Platonova politička gledišta uz otvoreno osporavanje islamske dogme na način na koji su je promovisali vladajući verski autoriteti. Cilj istraživanja jeste i da pokaže da se na osnovu Averoesovih osvrta na društveno-političko propadanje islamskih gradova država u al-Andalusu, zasnovanih na modelu urušavanja poredaka koje je Platon izložio u Državi, može videti do koje mere su gledišta osnivača Akademije transepohalna. Istraživanje će precizirati Averoesovu pojmovnu mrežu, uz izlaganje njegove argumentacije u prilog mogućnosti da se pomire gledišta koja su o državi i državnika razvijena u filozofiji klasične grčke antike, pre svega u Platonovoj misli, sa gledištima koja bi u tom pogledu moglo da implicira islamsko-pravničko učenje o odlikama vladara. U osnovi istraživanja stoji uverenje da Averoesov filozofski osvrt na aktuelni islamski poredak svog podneblja i epohe Platonovom matricom, predstavlja jedinstveni primer misaonog umrežavanja sa Drugom i Drugačijom filozofskom tradicijom.Ibn Rushd (1126—1198), a.k.a. Averroes, an expert in Islamic law (fiqh), qadi and faylasuf, wrote in 1194 in Cordoba a Commentary on Plato's State. In this hermeneutically enigmatic work, Averroes, in addition to an original commentary on Plato's political teachings, presented his understanding of the role of philosophy and philosophers in the ideal state, as well as in the current Islamic order of his lands and epoch. For Averroes, "king", "legislator", imam and "philosopher" are synonymous features of the leader of an ideal state. At the same time, Averroes considers the philosopher in al Andalus in the 12th century, "in the position of a man who found himself in front of dangerous beasts." The research aims to show that Averroes' understanding of the role of philosophy and philosophers in the state is an example of the medieval thinker's openness to Plato's political views, while openly challenging Islamic dogma in the way promoted by ruling religious authorities. The aim of the research is to show that based on Averroes' reviews of the socio-political decline of Islamic city-states in al Andalus, based on the model of order collapse presented by Plato in the State, one can see to what extent the views of the Academy's founders are trans epochal. The research will specify Averroes' conceptual network, presenting his arguments in favour of the possibility of reconciling the views on the state and statesman developed in the philosophy of classical Greek antiquity, primarily in Plato's thought, with the views that could imply Islamic-legal learning about the qualities of a ruler. The research is based on the belief that Averroes' philosophical review of the current Islamic order of his region and epoch by Plato's matrix is a unique example of mental networking with the Second and Different philosophical traditions

Induction of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) defense genes by French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) essential oil

When attacked, plants activate defense mechanisms including volatile emission. Besides havinga pest repellent effect, volatiles can induce defense response in surrounding unharmed plants.French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) essential oil (EO) was isolated from the above-ground partsof plants collected from nature by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus. GC/MS analysisrevealed the presence of 42 compounds, of which 97% (32 compounds) have been identified.The monoterpene fraction was dominant (76.9%) with terpinolene (32.4%) and limonene (14.7%)as the most abundant compounds. In order to investigate the potential of marigold EO to inducethe defense of potato, we analyzed 3 genes related to the induced resistance (IR): pathogenesisrelated PR-2 and PR-5 genes, and proteinase inhibitor Pin2. The potato plants were exposed to EOvolatiles during 4, 8 and 12 h. Two leaves of EO-treated or untreated control plants were collected,and plants were then additionally injured by mechanically wounding leaves across the leaf surface.After 24 h of wounding, another two leaves from each plant were collected and expressionof the IR related genes was analyzed by qPCR method. EO induced altered expression of PR genes,while Pin2 wasn’t affected by the treatment. Mechanical wounding increased the expression ofall genes after 4 and 8 h of EO treatment, with up to 4-fold change in PR-2. However, in plantsexposed to EO for 12 h before wounding, the level of transcription in PR-2 and Pin2 was similar tothat detected in untreated controls. These findings support the efforts for environmentally-safepest control in crops by using natural compounds.Uzelac B, editor. Book of abstracts. 3rd International Conference on Plant Biology (22nd SPPS Meeting); 2018 Jun 9-12; Belgrade, Serbia. Belgrade: Serbian Plant Physiology Society; Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"; Faculty of Biology; 2018. p. 58

Supplementary data for the article: Stupar, S.; Dragićević, M.; Tešević, V.; Stanković-Jeremić, J.; Maksimović, V.; Ćosić, T.; Devrnja, N.; Tubić, L.; Cingel, A.; Vinterhalter, B.; Ninković, S.; Savić, J. Transcriptome Profiling of the Potato Exposed to French Marigold Essential Oil with a Special Emphasis on Leaf Starch Metabolism and Defense against Colorado Potato Beetle. Plants 2021, 10 (1), 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010172.

Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010172]Related to published version: [https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4499

Averroes’ understanding of the role of philosophy and philosophers in the state

Ibn Rušd (1126—1198), a.k.a. Averoes, ekspert islamskog prava (fiqh), kadija i faylasuf, napisao je 1194. godine u Kordobi Komentar Platonove Države. U tom, hermeneutički enigmatskom delu, Averoes je uz originalni komentar Platonovog političkog učenja, izneo i svoje shvatanje uloge filozofije i filozofa u idealnoj državi, kao i u akutelnom islamskom poretku svog podneblja i epohe. Za Averoesa, „kralj“, „zakonodavac“, imam i „filozof“ sinonimne su odlike čelnika idealne države. Averoes istovremeno smatra da je filozof u al-Andalusu u XII veku, „u poziciji čoveka koji se našao pred opasnim zverima“. Istraživanje sebi stavlja u zadatak da pokaže da je Averoesovo shvatanje uloge filozofije i filozofa u državi, primer misaone otvorenosti srednjovekovnog mislioca za Platonova politička gledišta uz otvoreno osporavanje islamske dogme na način na koji su je promovisali vladajući verski autoriteti. Cilj istraživanja jeste i da pokaže da se na osnovu Averoesovih osvrta na društveno-političko propadanje islamskih gradova država u al-Andalusu, zasnovanih na modelu urušavanja poredaka koje je Platon izložio u Državi, može videti do koje mere su gledišta osnivača Akademije transepohalna. Istraživanje će precizirati Averoesovu pojmovnu mrežu, uz izlaganje njegove argumentacije u prilog mogućnosti da se pomire gledišta koja su o državi i državnika razvijena u filozofiji klasične grčke antike, pre svega u Platonovoj misli, sa gledištima koja bi u tom pogledu moglo da implicira islamsko-pravničko učenje o odlikama vladara. U osnovi istraživanja stoji uverenje da Averoesov filozofski osvrt na aktuelni islamski poredak svog podneblja i epohe Platonovom matricom, predstavlja jedinstveni primer misaonog umrežavanja sa Drugom i Drugačijom filozofskom tradicijom.Ibn Rushd (1126—1198), a.k.a. Averroes, an expert in Islamic law (fiqh), qadi and faylasuf, wrote in 1194 in Cordoba a Commentary on Plato's State. In this hermeneutically enigmatic work, Averroes, in addition to an original commentary on Plato's political teachings, presented his understanding of the role of philosophy and philosophers in the ideal state, as well as in the current Islamic order of his lands and epoch. For Averroes, "king", "legislator", imam and "philosopher" are synonymous features of the leader of an ideal state. At the same time, Averroes considers the philosopher in al Andalus in the 12th century, "in the position of a man who found himself in front of dangerous beasts." The research aims to show that Averroes' understanding of the role of philosophy and philosophers in the state is an example of the medieval thinker's openness to Plato's political views, while openly challenging Islamic dogma in the way promoted by ruling religious authorities. The aim of the research is to show that based on Averroes' reviews of the socio-political decline of Islamic city-states in al Andalus, based on the model of order collapse presented by Plato in the State, one can see to what extent the views of the Academy's founders are trans epochal. The research will specify Averroes' conceptual network, presenting his arguments in favour of the possibility of reconciling the views on the state and statesman developed in the philosophy of classical Greek antiquity, primarily in Plato's thought, with the views that could imply Islamic-legal learning about the qualities of a ruler. The research is based on the belief that Averroes' philosophical review of the current Islamic order of his region and epoch by Plato's matrix is a unique example of mental networking with the Second and Different philosophical traditions

Age and gender effects on global self-worth and domain-specific self-perceptions in youth

Considering that self-perception of competence in the relevant domains is important for understanding of individual’s behavior and achievement, the study analyzed the effects of age and gender on global self-worth and domain-specific selfperceptions. The cross-sectional study included 1130 participants of age range 8-23 (520 males and 610 females). The participants were tested by the equivalent forms of six subscales from ‘Self-Perception Profile for Children’, ‘Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents’ and ‘Self-Perception Profile for College Students’. Subscales measured self-evaluations across domains of scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, behavioral conduct and global self-worth. Two separate MANOVAs revealed a significant main effect for age in male subsample (Wilks’ Lambda =.83, F (12, 1024)=8.35, p<.01) and in female subsample (Wilks’ Lambda =.80, F (12, 1204)=11.80, p< .01). An analysis of variance showed that the effect of age in males was significant in physical appearance, behavioral conduct and global self-worth, while in females significant differences were registered in scholastic competence, athletic competence, physical appearance and behavioral conduct. Pedagogical implications refer to enhancing self-concept in youth by appropriate teaching strategies and supportive learning environment. Learning experiences within physical education might be particularly beneficial for female adolescents

Exercise effects on mental health of preschool children

El objetivo de esta investigación era identificar los efectos de un programa de ejercicio físico de una duración de 2 años y medio en la salud mental de los niños de edad preescolar, es decir, en la reducción de los síntomas de su comportamiento externalizado e internalizado. La muestra incluía 184 participantes de entre 5 y 7 años de edad, de ambos sexos y de los cuales 17 participaron en el programa de intervención del ejercicio físico, mientras que los otros 167, elegidos de manera aleatoria, fueron sometidos a pruebas en sus guarderías. Para examinar los síntomas del comportamiento externalizado e internalizado se utilizó El Cuestionario de Investigación del Comportamiento Aberrante (Hošek, Momirović y Bala, 2003). Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que todos los indicadores del comportamiento externalizado se reducen en el grupo de intervención infantil y, asimismo, la regularidad detectada se observa desde la medición inicial hasta la final, pasando por la de control. Por otro lado, el programa de intervención tuvo un efecto mucho más reducido en los indicadores del comportamiento internalizado. Aunque solo fueron identificadas las tendencias de reducción del comportamiento problemático en los niños, el potencial preventivo de una actividad física continuada, planificada y sistemática en el ámbito de la salud mental no se debe soslayar

Exercise effects on mental health of preschool children

Título: El efecto del ejercicio físico en la salud mental de los niños de edad preescholar. Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación era identificar los efectos de un programa de ejercicio físico de una duración de 2 años y medio en la salud mental de los niños de edad preescolar, es decir, en la reducción de los síntomas de su comportamiento externalizado e internalizado. La muestra incluía 184 participantes de entre 5 y 7 años de edad, de ambos sexos y de los cuales 17 participaron en el programa de intervención del ejercicio físi-co, mientras que los otros 167, elegidos de manera aleatoria, fueron sometidos a pruebas en sus guarderías. Para examinar los síntomas del comportamiento externalizado e internalizado se utilizó El Cuestionario de Investigación del Comportamiento Aberrante (Hošek, Momirović y Bala, 2003). Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que todos los indicadores del comportamiento externalizado se reducen en el grupo de intervención infantil y, asimismo, la regularidad detectada se observa desde la medición inicial hasta la final, pasando por la de control. Por otro lado, el programa de intervención tuvo un efecto mucho más reducido en los indicadores del comportamiento internalizado. Aunque solo fueron identificadas las tendencias de reducción del comportamiento problemático en los niños, el potencial preventivo de una actividad física continuada, planificada y sistemática en el ámbito de la salud mental no se debe soslayar. Palabras claves: Salud mental; comportamiento externalizado e internalizado; programa de ejercicio físico; niños de edad preescolar. Abstract: The study&apos;s purpose was to identify effects of 2.5-year movement program on mental health of preschool children, as measured by reduction in symptoms of externalizing and internalizing behavior. The sample consisted of 184 participants of both sexes, aged between 5 and 7 of which 17 were in the intervention movement program and the remaining 167 participants were chosen randomly and tested on one-time basis in their kindergartens as the comparison group. The Aberrant Behavior Questionnair

Učitelji kao nosioci inkluzivnog fizičkog vaspitanja

Zakon o osnovama sistema obrazovanja i vaspitanja (2009), krovni obrazovni zakon u Republici Srbiji, sistemski podržava inkluziju kao društveni proces. U novonastalim okolnostima, učitelji i nastavnici fizičkog vaspitanja kao nosioci inkluzivnog fizičkog vaspitanja, suočavaju se sa brojnim izazovima. U okviru šireg istraživanja inkluzivnog fizičkog vaspitanja, sprovedeno je anketiranje učitelja (N=132) u vezi sa kompetencijama, iskustvom i stavovima prema inkluzivnom fizičkom vaspitanju. Inicijalni rezultati pokazuju da je većina učitelja imala priliku da bliže upozna osobe sa razvojnim smetnjama/invaliditetom (61.4%), međutim, do sada je takvoj deci predavalo 47.0% ispitanika. Većina učitelja (58.3%) nema poverenja u sebe kada je reč o podučavanju dece sa razvojnim smetnjama/invaliditetom, a samo 9.1% je pohađalo seminar iz inkluzivnog fizičkog vaspitanja. Svoje kompetencije pozitivnije opažaju učitelji koji imaju nastavnog iskustva sa takvom decom i koji su imali prilike da bliže upoznaju osobe sa razvojnim smetnjama/invaliditetom. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na važnost negovanja inkluzivne kulture i osnaživanja stručnih kompetencija učitelja

The Relationship between Physical, Motor, and Intellectual Development of Preschool Children

AbstractThe study examined the relationship of physical, motor, and intellectual development of preschool children. The sample included 72 children aged 5.60 (±0.32) years. Two anthropometric measures (body height, body weight), two motor skills tests (obstacle course, broad jump), and an intelligence test (Raven's CPM) were applied. Taxonomic analysis identified two distinctive developmental profiles in terms of physical growth and motor competence: 1) Shorter children of a lower body weight, less competent; 2) Taller, heavier and more competent children. Physical growth and motor development are positively correlated in children aged 5-6, with no such relation between these domains and intelligence

Raven's colored progressive matrices (CPM) - basic metric characteristics and norms

Principal measuring characteristics and norms of Raven’s colored matrices were determined on the sample of 2.334 children from Vojvodina at the age of 3.5 and 11. The basic metric characteristics were determined according to classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT). By testing a dimensionality it was showed that the test had one main object of measuring. The norms were also evaluated in terms of their precision in statistical and psychometric sense. It was found that there was no statistically significant difference in solving the test requirements between boys and girls at any age, nor was there any significant interaction of gender and age. Reliability of the test at the age group of 6 - 11 was over 0.85, at the age of 5 it was 0.75, whereas at the youngest age it was only 0.59. The complete test was too easy at older ages due to the Flynn’s effect. It is owing to this reason that a conclusion can be drawn that there’s a big question mark over its application at the age of 11,and even 10. It is recommended that standard Raven’s matrices should be used at that age.