45 research outputs found
Effect of sampling effort and sampling frequency on the composition of the planktonic crustacean assemblage: a case study of the river Danube
Although numerous studies have focused
on the seasonal dynamics of riverine zooplankton,
little is known about its short-term
variation. In order to examine the effects of sampling
frequency and sampling effort, microcrustacean
samples were collected at daily intervals
between 13 June and 21 July of 2007 in a parapotamal
side arm of the river Danube, Hungary.
Samples were also taken at biweekly intervals
from November 2006 to May 2008. After presenting
the community dynamics, the effect of
sampling effort was evaluated with two different
methods; the minimal sample size was also estimated.
We introduced a single index (potential
dynamic information loss; to determine the potential
loss of information when sampling frequency
is reduced. The formula was calculated for the total abundance, densities of the dominant taxa, adult/larva ratios of copepods and for two different diversity measures. Results suggest that abundances may experience notable fluctuations even within 1 week, as do diversities and adult/larva ratios
Tokamak Transport Studies Using Perturbation Analysis
Studies of the transport properties of tokamak plasmas using perturbation analysis are discussed. The focus is on experiments with not too large perturbations, such as sawtooth induced heat and density pulse propagation, power modulation and oscillatory gas-puff experiments. The approximations made in the standard analysis of such experiments are made explicit and are discussed. References are given to papers that deal with specific aspects of the theory. Points of agreement as well as discrepancies between different experiments and gaps in the experimental data base are highlighted. The analysis of cross-coupling between electron thermal and particle transport using simultaneous measurements of heat and density pulses in JET is discussed, as an illustration of the potentiality to measure off-diagonal elements of the transport matrix in perturbative experiments
Heating, current drive and confinement regimes with the JET ICRH and LHCD systems
During its 1990 operation, 2 large RF systems were available on JET. The Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) system was equipped with new beryllium screens and with feedback matching systems. Specific impurities generated by ICRH were reduced to negligible levels even in the most stringent H-mode conditions. A maximum power of 22 MW was coupled to L-mode plasmas. High quality H-modes (tau-E greater-than-or-equal-to 2.5 tau-EG) were achieved using dipole phasing. A new high confinement mode was discovered. It combines the properties of the H-mode regime to the low central diffusivities obtained by pellet injection. A value of n(d) tau-E T(i) = 7.8 x 10(20) m-3 s keV was obtained in this mode with T(e) approximately T(i) approximately 11 keV. In the L-mode regime, a regime, a record (140 kW) D-He-3 fusion power was generated with 10 - 14 MW of ICRH at the He-3 cyclotron frequency. Experiments were performed with the prototype launcher of the Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) systems with coupled power up to 1.6 MW with current drive efficiencies up to R I(CD)/P = 0.4 x 10(20) m-2 A/W. Fast electrons are driven by LHCD to tail temperatures of 100 keV with a hollow radial profile. Paradoxically, LHCD induces central heating particularly in combination with ICRH. Finally we present the first observations of the synergistic acceleration of fast electrons by Transit Time Magnetic Pumping (TTMP) (from ICRH) and Electron Landau Damping (ELD) (from LHCD). The synergism generates TTMP current drive even without phasing the ICRH antennae