44 research outputs found
Maternal and newborn infants amino acid concentrations in obese women born themselves with normal and small for gestational age birth weight
This study was undertaken to compare amino acid concentrations in maternal and newborn infantsβ serum in normal pregnancy and two groups of obese women who were born themselves with normal and small for gestational age (SGA) birth weight. Maternal cholesterol, lipoproteins concentrations and maternal and infants amino acid concentrations were evaluated at the time of delivery in 28 normal pregnancies, 46 obese pregnant women with normal birth weight (Ob-AGA group) and 44 obese pregnant women born themselves SGA (Ob-SGA group). Mean birth weight of newborn infants in Ob-SGA group was significantly less than in normal and Ob-AGA groups. Cholesterol and lipoproteins were significantly elevated in obese women (more prominent in Ob-SGA group). Most amino acid concentrations and fetalβmaternal amino acid gradients were significantly lower in Ob-SGA group. These data suggest significant changes in placental amino acid transport/synthetic function in obese women who were born themselves SGA
Maternal nutrition and the problem of intrauterine disease programming in children
Environmental conditions during perinatal development such as maternal undernutrition or overnutrition can program changes in the integration among physiological systems leading to cardio-metabolic diseases. This phenomenon can be understood in the context of the phenotypic plasticity and refers to the adjustment of a phenotype in response to environmental input without genetic change. Experimental studies indicate that fetal exposure to an adverse maternal environment may alter the morphology and physiology that contribute to the development of cardio-metabolic diseases. The significance and role of genetic polymorphism, markers of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, leptin synthesis disruption, rennin-angiotensin system in intrauterine cardio-metabolic disease programming are discussed. The study demonstrated that both maternal protein restriction and overnutrition alter the central and peripheral control of arterial pressure and metabolism. Breastfeeding may have beneficial effect on obesity risk later in life in genetically predisposed groups. Understanding the mechanisms which affect health outcomes in the offspring influenced by the macronutrient composition of the maternal diet during pregnancy or lactation may lead to new maternal nutrition recommendations, disease prevention strategies, and therapies that reduce the increasing incidence of cardio-metabolic diseases in children and adults.Π£ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ 2-Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Β«ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ». Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
(ΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ) ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½-Π°Π½Π³ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
Kidney disease and perinatal programming of arterial hypertension: the results of experimental researches
Deterioration of development conditions in the perinatal period (starvation of the mother, excess sodium ions in her diet, exposure to glucocorticosteroids, placental insufficiency) programs significant changes in the excretion of sodium ions in the newborn and leads to the development of hypertension. Studies on experimental animals show that unfavourable conditions of intrauterine development can reduce the effective area of glomerular filtration and its rate. These circumstances increase the expression of membrane carriers of sodium ions in the apical membranes, the production of superoxide radicals and enhance the reabsorption of sodium. The article discusses the potential mechanisms of perinatal programming of renal hypertension in humans.Π£Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ (Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ) ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Π³Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² Π°ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°
Pre-eclampsia in a mother and programming of the childβs cardiovascular health
The authors present a review of the literature devoted to the problem of programming the formation of the cardiovascular system structure and function in children born from mothers with preeclampsia. These children are at high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Pre-eclampsia is caused by the endothelium dysfunction, deregulation of the immune and inflammatory factors during pregnancy. Experimental studies identify these factors as key epigenetic factors programming the condition of the cardiovascular system of the offspring. The modern concept of intrauterine programming, describing this phenomenon, focuses on three main areas of research: experimental models simulating the intrauterine environment with preeclampsia; research of the pathological phenotype formation under the influence of these factors; epigenetic studies of the influence of preeclampsia on the cardiovascular system functioning. The article discusses the perspectives of epigenetic programming prevention.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π°. Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½, ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ: ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ
, ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ; ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²; ΡΠΏΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Maternal nutrition and the problem of intrauterine disease programming in children
Environmental conditions during perinatal development such as maternal undernutrition or overnutrition can program changes in the integration among physiological systems leading to cardio-metabolic diseases. This phenomenon can be understood in the context of the phenotypic plasticity and refers to the adjustment of a phenotype in response to environmental input without genetic change. Experimental studies indicate that fetal exposure to an adverse maternal environment may alter the morphology and physiology that contribute to the development of cardio-metabolic diseases. The significance and role of genetic polymorphism, markers of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, leptin synthesis disruption, rennin-angiotensin system in intrauterine cardio-metabolic disease programming are discussed. The study demonstrated that both maternal protein restriction and overnutrition alter the central and peripheral control of arterial pressure and metabolism. Breastfeeding may have beneficial effect on obesity risk later in life in genetically predisposed groups. Understanding the mechanisms which affect health outcomes in the offspring influenced by the macronutrient composition of the maternal diet during pregnancy or lactation may lead to new maternal nutrition recommendations, disease prevention strategies, and therapies that reduce the increasing incidence of cardio-metabolic diseases in children and adults.Π£ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ 2-Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Β«ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ». Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
(ΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ) ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½-Π°Π½Π³ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
Significance of maternal biological sounds for the early adaptation of premature infants
Premature infants may often have periods of apnea, bradycardia, and hypoxia, called cardiorespiratory events (CRE). Such periods of physiological instability are the result of the immaturity of respiration and the autonomic nervous system regulation mechanisms. It is known that systematic listening of maternal biological sounds (MBS) (heart sounds, her voice and peristalsis sounds) by premature infants in the intensive care unit can reduce the incidence of CRE compared to children under the routine sound load of the department. A decrease in CRE frequency with increasing age of children was noted. MBS effect was especially pronounced in children older than 33 weeks of gestation, which suggests the existence of a therapeutic window for MBS action, when brain development can be best supported. A number of researchers demonstrate an improvement in physiological stability and speech formation under the influence of MBS. The role of intrauterine programming in this phenomenon is discussed. Further research is needed on the potential and clinical capabilities of this non-pharmacological method in treatment of apnea and neurophysiological rehabilitation of premature infants.Π£ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡ, Π±ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (ΠΠ Π‘). ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅Π·ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π³Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ (ΠΠΠ) (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², Π΅Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ Π‘ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ Π‘ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΠΠ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 33 Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π³Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ. Π ΡΠ΄ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠΠ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
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