8 research outputs found
Microbial flora of the oral cavity in patients with orthodontic fixed appliances - A systematic review
Π£ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ½ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ. Π’ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π·ΡΠ±Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΊΠ°.Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡ
Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡ.Π’ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π°Π»Π°Π³Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ΅Π» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ·ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π°.The oral cavity is a complicated ecosystem with dynamic balance between the residential microflora and the incoming outside pathogens and food elements. Good oral hygiene plays a key role in preserving this fine balance. The presence of fixed orthodontic appliances requires the maintenance of good oral hygiene as plaque may often accumulate.The aim of our literature review is to summarize the scientific data about the influence of fixed orthodontic appliances on the composition of the microflora of the oral cavity. Some studies report that there are changes in the quality and quantity of the oral microflora after orthodontic treatment - an increase in the quantity of oral streptococci and anaerobic bacteria such as S. mutans, A. actinomycecomitans, P.gingivalis, which have a role in the development of periodontitis.In order to prevent the development of inflammatory diseases in the oral cavity, microbiological diagnostics of the oral microflora of the patients, undergoing prolonged orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances should be performed
Foodborne Bacteria: Potential Bioterrorism Agents
Bioterrorist attacks are usually associated with airborne infections because of their easy dissemination and maximal effect on the human population. However, foodborne pathogens represent potential bioterrorist weapons, as the consumption of safe food affects every individual in the society. Most of the foodborne microorganisms can be readily isolated from natural sources and can cause severe outbreaks with a number of hospitalized persons. Biological agents, which may contaminate food products, are bacteria, viruses, yeasts, parasites, or chemical substances with microbial origin. They cause more than 200 diseasesβranging from diarrhea to cancers. Typical symptoms of food poisoning are abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, upset stomach, diarrhea, fever, dehydration, and others. Most isolated bacterial agents responsible for foodborne infections include bacteria from genera such as Salmonella, Shigella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, Campylobacter, Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Enterobacter, and Yersinia. In this chapter, we discuss the bacterial species causing food poisoning in the context of a potential bioterrorist attack. We review in a concise manner their morphological and biochemical characteristics, as well as the treatment and possible prevention measures. Popular examples of attacks with food poisoning agents and their impact on the society are also given
Botulinum neurotoxin - Biochemical aspects and mechanism of action (Review)
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ (BoNT) Π΅ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΉ-ΡΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Clostridium botulinum, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌ. BoNT Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΠΊΡΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°ΠΊΠ½Π°. ΠΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ²Π° ΠΌΡΡΠΊΡΠ»Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π’Π°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π²Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ Ρ Π°Π±Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΡΡΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·ΠΈ, Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π³Π»Π°Π±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ.ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π½Π° BoNT, Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ Ρ Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π-Π (BoNT-C Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°), ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π, B, E ΠΈ F ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈ BoNT-G.ΠΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎ BoNT ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ - Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ.Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is one of the most poisonous biological substances known to mankind. The toxin is produced by spore-forming anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism.BoNT blocks acetylcholine release - the principal neurotransmitter of the nerve impulses to muscle fibers. This indirectly causes muscle paralysis. This life-threatening ability, however, turns out to be extremely effective in the therapy of a number of diseases associated with hyperactivation of the muscles and glands, aesthetic corrections of glabellar wrinkles and others.There are nine serotypes of BoNT, named with the Latin letters from A to H (BoNT-C is separated into two types), as types A, B, E and F cause botulism in humans. According to some authors there are human isolates containing BoNT-G too.A number of new directions in the medical practice - cerebral palsy, chronic anal fissures, urological disorders and others - are currently under study for successful application of BoNT
Model methods for the manufacture of aesthetic restauration from lithium disilicate - case from the practice
Π ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π», ΠΊΠΎΠΉΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ·ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΉ-Π»ΠΎ-Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·ΡΠ±. ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΅ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ e.max ΠΈ Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ Π²ΡΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π· CAD-CAM ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. ΠΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»Π΅Π½, Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π½, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π² Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π° Π²ΡΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΈ. Π¦ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°, a Π·Π° Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π±Π΅ ΡΡΠ·Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΡΠΌ Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΠ» - ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, a Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 400 ΠΠ Π°. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°.In its development, dental medicine, and in particular the dental technician, has been trying for years to find a material that completely resembles the structure and strength of the natural dentition. Despite the constant research in this area, the use of ceramic materials continues to gain increasing power in attempts to approach the maximum aesthetics and rigidity of the enamel dentin complex in the natural tooth. Lithium disilicate has been introduced as e.max and is available in extrusion molds or as a cut-off block by a CAD-CAM system. For this model, this material looks ideal because, instead of cutting the base and lining it with porcelain, the material is designed in an an-atomical form and in a color that makes it extremely easy for restorations in distal areas. The whole crown is a pressed lithium disilicate which makes it monolithic and monochrome, and for the backs the strength is a priority for aesthetics. In the frontal areas, lithium disilicate was formed from dentin to enamel - a multicardite that improved aesthetics, and the strength remained unchanged at about 400 MPa
Botulinum neurotoxin preparations and their application for cosmetic purposes (review)
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ Π΅ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΉ-ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ²Π° Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΎΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ Clostridium, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΌ.ΠΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π±ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠ»ΠΆΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΅Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΡΡΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΠ°. Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° BoNT ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΡΡΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π±ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ.ΠΠ° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈ BoNT Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½o ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈe, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Botox Π΄Π°Π²Π° Π΄ΡΠ» ΠΎΡ 85% ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈ BoNT. ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ° Dysport, Xeomin, Myobloc, Prosigne ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ.ΠΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° BoNT ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π° Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΉ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡ (ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΡΡΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΠ°), Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠΎ (1-3% ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅).ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Ρ BoNT e ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° BoNT- ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ.Botulinum (BoNT) toxin is one of the most toxic biological substance known to mankind. It represents a neurotoxin produced by bacteria of the genus Clostridium and causes botulism.The appearance of facial wrinkles is mainly due to the aging of the skin but some wrinkles and unaesthetic facial expressions are a result of overactive facial muscles. Success in application of BoNT as a selective depressor of the activity of skeletal muscles leads to a widespread use in smoothing wrinkles.On the world market there is a variety of products containing BoNT for cosmetic purposes, which have received regulatory approval or are under development. Currently Botox has a share of 85% of the global market of products containing BoNT. Other products on the world market but with a limited application are Dysport, Xeomin, Myobloc, Prosigne and others.According to several studies, the application of BoNT is described by high efficiency and safety. Side effects are rare and reversible. The most serious adverse effects are temporary weakness (paralysis of nearby muscles), temporary ptosis of the upper eyelid and forehead (1-3% of patients).The paralytic effect after an injection of BoNT lasts approximately three months, thus requiring additional doses of BoNT at regular intervals to maintain the efficiency
Implantological treatment of toothless jaws with locators and complete dentures
Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ·Π΄Π°Π΄ΠΎΡ
Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π·ΡΠ±Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π·ΡΠ±Π½Π° ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ° Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π·ΡΠ±ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ» ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΉ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ Π΄Π²Π°, a Π½Π°ΠΉ-Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π½Π° Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠ° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈ Π΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π±ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π·Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ½Π΅ Π½Π° 4 Π±ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ·ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ 4 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° VERTEX Thermosens.The development of technologies and materials in dentistry and their application have created many new opportunities for improving dental aesthetics, with the use of techniques with no or minimal rigid dental tissue utilization, as part of the quest to achieve beautiful and proportionate good-looking, functionally effective teeth for life. Locators are specific implant superstructures that allow effective retention of removable prosthetic structures. Certainly, there are also requirements for the placement of implants. Most commonly they are applicable to the lower jaw in the anterior stretch by placing at least two, and most preferably four, implants that are mutually parallel and symmetrical. An advantage of locally retained prosthetic structures is their easy maintenance from a hygienic point of view, especially from elderly patients. This report will present a clinical case of contemporary dental treatment for severe atrophy of the jawbone. Implant placement is possible only in the area of the chin of the lower jaw where there is still preserved bone of sufficient height. The treatment plan includes placing 4 implants on the lower jaw together with extraction of the minor residual dentition and production, after 4 months, of a removable denture with locator-type locking elements and new complete upper jaw dentures. The dentures are made of thermoplastic VERTEX ThermoSens
MICROBIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT IN REGION VARNA
The hospital environment is widely contaminated with opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms and is considered as a source of outbreaks of nosocomial infections which are a worldwide phenomenon. Thus, it is clear that monitoring of the hospital environment is an essential element in the control of nosocomial infections.
The purpose is to isolate and identify the microbes from hospital environment samples of different hospitals and healthcare services in the Region Varna and to analyze the risk that hospital environment poses in the region.
This study was conducted over a period of 5 years from January 2012 to December 2016. A total of 12,673 different types of samples were collected and delivered quickly to the Laboratory of Microbiology of Regional Health Inspectorate Varna, where analyses were performed.
We found bacteria in 816 of the tested objects and isolated a total of 29 bacterial species. The results show predominant Gram positive flora (71.81%), while Gram negatives represented only 28.19%.
Prevention of nosocomial infections is a responsibility of all health-care workers. Microbiology laboratories should play a significant role in the attempts to minimize the occurrence of nosocomial infection through accurate identification of responsible organisms, timely reporting of laboratory data and participation in hospital infection control
Epidemiological Study of Hepatitis A Infection in Eastern Bulgaria
Background: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is an acute, self-limited liver disease transmitted usually through the faecal-oral route via person-to-person contact. Bulgaria has intermediate HAV endemicity with higher susceptibility among adults and recurrent outbreaks