8 research outputs found

    Microbial flora of the oral cavity in patients with orthodontic fixed appliances - A systematic review

    Get PDF
    Устната ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Π° Π΅ слоТна систСма, Π² която Ρ€Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Π° сС Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π° Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ равновСсиС с ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŠΠΏΠ²Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π²ΡŠΠ½ ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ. Π’ΠΎΠ²Π° равновСсиС ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° бъдС Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†Π° Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ, срСд ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° фиксирани ортодонтски Π°ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ, затрудняващи ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π° Ρ…ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° устната ΠΊΡƒΡ…ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° зъбна ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΊΠ°.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° настоящия ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ Π΅ Π΄Π° сС обобщят Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ относно влияниСто Π½Π° фиксиранитС ортодонтски Π°ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π²ΡŠΡ€Ρ…Ρƒ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° устната ΠΊΡƒΡ…ΠΈΠ½Π°. Някои проучвания ΡΡŠΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ Π·Π° промяна Π² качСството ΠΈ количСството Π½Π° ΠΎΡ€Π°Π»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Π° слСд ортодонтско Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ количСство Π½Π° Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, участващи Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚.Π’ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π°Π»Π°Π³Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ с ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡŠΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ носСнС Π½Π° фиксирани ортодонтски Π°ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π΄Π° сС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ изслСдванС Π½Π° ΠΎΡ€Π°Π»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Π° с Ρ†Π΅Π» прСвСнция Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΡŠΠ·ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ процСси Π² устната ΠΊΡƒΡ…ΠΈΠ½Π°.The oral cavity is a complicated ecosystem with dynamic balance between the residential microflora and the incoming outside pathogens and food elements. Good oral hygiene plays a key role in preserving this fine balance. The presence of fixed orthodontic appliances requires the maintenance of good oral hygiene as plaque may often accumulate.The aim of our literature review is to summarize the scientific data about the influence of fixed orthodontic appliances on the composition of the microflora of the oral cavity. Some studies report that there are changes in the quality and quantity of the oral microflora after orthodontic treatment - an increase in the quantity of oral streptococci and anaerobic bacteria such as S. mutans, A. actinomycecomitans, P.gingivalis, which have a role in the development of periodontitis.In order to prevent the development of inflammatory diseases in the oral cavity, microbiological diagnostics of the oral microflora of the patients, undergoing prolonged orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances should be performed

    Foodborne Bacteria: Potential Bioterrorism Agents

    Get PDF
    Bioterrorist attacks are usually associated with airborne infections because of their easy dissemination and maximal effect on the human population. However, foodborne pathogens represent potential bioterrorist weapons, as the consumption of safe food affects every individual in the society. Most of the foodborne microorganisms can be readily isolated from natural sources and can cause severe outbreaks with a number of hospitalized persons. Biological agents, which may contaminate food products, are bacteria, viruses, yeasts, parasites, or chemical substances with microbial origin. They cause more than 200 diseasesβ€”ranging from diarrhea to cancers. Typical symptoms of food poisoning are abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, upset stomach, diarrhea, fever, dehydration, and others. Most isolated bacterial agents responsible for foodborne infections include bacteria from genera such as Salmonella, Shigella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, Campylobacter, Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Enterobacter, and Yersinia. In this chapter, we discuss the bacterial species causing food poisoning in the context of a potential bioterrorist attack. We review in a concise manner their morphological and biochemical characteristics, as well as the treatment and possible prevention measures. Popular examples of attacks with food poisoning agents and their impact on the society are also given

    Botulinum neurotoxin - Biochemical aspects and mechanism of action (Review)

    Get PDF
    Ботулиновият нСвротоксин (BoNT) Π΅ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π°ΠΉ-силнитС Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ субстанции, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π½Π° човСчСството. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π° сС ΠΎΡ‚ спорообразуващи Π°Π½Π°Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ Clostridium botulinum, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ причиняват заболяванСто Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΡŠΠΌ. BoNT Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ€Π° освобоТдаванСто Π½Π° нСвротрансмитСра Π°Ρ†Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Ρ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ‰ Π½Π΅Ρ€Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ импулси Π΄ΠΎ мускулнитС Π²Π»Π°ΠΊΠ½Π°. По Ρ‚ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΡŠΡ‚ косвСно ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ²Π° мускулна ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π’Π°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΡˆΠ°Π²Π°Ρ‰Π° способност ΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ‡Π΅ сС ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π²Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ тСрапия Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†Π° заболявания, ΡΠ²ΡŠΡ€Π·Π°Π½ΠΈ с Π°Π±Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ½Π° хипСрактивация Π½Π° мускули ΠΈ ΠΆΠ»Π΅Π·ΠΈ, СстСтичСски ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π³Π»Π°Π±Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π±Ρ€ΡŠΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ.Π˜Π·Π²Π΅ΡΡ‚Π½ΠΈ са Π΄Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ‚ сСротипа Π½Π° BoNT, Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ с латинскитС Π±ΡƒΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ А-Н (BoNT-C Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°), ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ А, B, E ΠΈ F причиняват Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΡŠΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‡ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄ някои Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ са изслСдвани ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€Π°, ΡΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈ BoNT-G.Π˜Π·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Ρ‚ сС ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ направлСния Π² мСдицинската ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΡŠΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ BoNT ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° сС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈ Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ - дСтска Ρ†Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π±Ρ€Π°Π»Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Ρ…Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ фисури, ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ смущСния ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ.Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is one of the most poisonous biological substances known to mankind. The toxin is produced by spore-forming anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism.BoNT blocks acetylcholine release - the principal neurotransmitter of the nerve impulses to muscle fibers. This indirectly causes muscle paralysis. This life-threatening ability, however, turns out to be extremely effective in the therapy of a number of diseases associated with hyperactivation of the muscles and glands, aesthetic corrections of glabellar wrinkles and others.There are nine serotypes of BoNT, named with the Latin letters from A to H (BoNT-C is separated into two types), as types A, B, E and F cause botulism in humans. According to some authors there are human isolates containing BoNT-G too.A number of new directions in the medical practice - cerebral palsy, chronic anal fissures, urological disorders and others - are currently under study for successful application of BoNT

    Model methods for the manufacture of aesthetic restauration from lithium disilicate - case from the practice

    Get PDF
    Π’ своСто Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π² частност Π·ΡŠΠ±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΡ‚ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ сС ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π²Π° Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π», ΠΊΠΎΠΉΡ‚ΠΎ изцяло Π΄Π° наподобява структурата ΠΈ Π·Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° СстСствСното съзъбиС. Π’ΡŠΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠΈ нСпрСстаннитС Ρ‚ΡŠΡ€ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ лутания Π² Ρ‚Π°Π·ΠΈ област ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡŠΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π° всС ΠΏΠΎ-голяма сила ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ максималната СстСтика ΠΈ Ρ‚Π²ΡŠΡ€Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΉ-Π»ΠΎ-дСнтиновия комплСкс ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ СстСствСния зъб. ЛитиСвият дисиликат Π΅ въвСдСн ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ e.max ΠΈ Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŠΠΏΠ΅Π½ във Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° прСсованС ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡ‡Π΅ Π·Π° изрязванС Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π· CAD-CAM систСма. Към Ρ‚ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»Π΅Π½, Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ вмСсто Π΄Π° ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ основата ΠΈ Π΄Π° сС наслоява с ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ†Π΅Π»Π°Π½, ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŠΡ‚ сС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π° Π² Π°Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π² цвят, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ лСсСн Π·Π° Π²ΡŠΠ·ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² дистални ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŠΡ†ΠΈ. Цялата ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½Π° прСдставлява прСсован Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅Π² дисиликат, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ я ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ…Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°, a Π·Π° Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŠΡ†ΠΈ Π·Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ СстСтиката. Π’ΡŠΠ² Ρ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ области Π±Π΅ създадСн Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅Π² диси Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‰ ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ към Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΠ» - ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΉΡ‚, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈ СстСтиката, a Π·Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° остана Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 400 МРа. Π’ настоящия Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π΅ прСдставСна ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° СстСтичСско Π²ΡŠΠ·ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ с Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅Π² дисиликат, ΠΈΠ»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° със случай ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°.In its development, dental medicine, and in particular the dental technician, has been trying for years to find a material that completely resembles the structure and strength of the natural dentition. Despite the constant research in this area, the use of ceramic materials continues to gain increasing power in attempts to approach the maximum aesthetics and rigidity of the enamel dentin complex in the natural tooth. Lithium disilicate has been introduced as e.max and is available in extrusion molds or as a cut-off block by a CAD-CAM system. For this model, this material looks ideal because, instead of cutting the base and lining it with porcelain, the material is designed in an an-atomical form and in a color that makes it extremely easy for restorations in distal areas. The whole crown is a pressed lithium disilicate which makes it monolithic and monochrome, and for the backs the strength is a priority for aesthetics. In the frontal areas, lithium disilicate was formed from dentin to enamel - a multicardite that improved aesthetics, and the strength remained unchanged at about 400 MPa

    Botulinum neurotoxin preparations and their application for cosmetic purposes (review)

    Get PDF
    Ботулиновият токсин Π΅ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π°ΠΉ-токсичнитС Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ субстанции, извСстно Π½Π° човСчСството. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ²Π° нСвротоксин, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ ΠΎΡ‚ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ Clostridium, причиняващи заболяванСто Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΡŠΠΌ.ΠŸΠΎΡΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Π±Ρ€ΡŠΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ сС дълТи Π½Π΅ само Π½Π° старССнС Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ‚Π°. Някои Π±Ρ€ΡŠΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ нССстСтичСски израТСния Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ са Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ ΠΎΡ‚ ΡΠ²Ρ€ΡŠΡ…Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡ†Π΅Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° мускулатура. Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ…ΡŠΡ‚ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° BoNT ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ сСлСктивСн дСпрСсор Π½Π° активността Π½Π° скСлСтната мускулатура Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π±Ρ€ΡŠΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ.На свСтовния ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ€ ΡΡŠΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ²Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ, ΡΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈ BoNT Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½o ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈe, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ са ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ са Π² процСс Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°. Към ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Botox Π΄Π°Π²Π° дял ΠΎΡ‚ 85% ΠΎΡ‚ свСтовния ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ€ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ, ΡΡŠΠ΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰ΠΈ BoNT. Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ Π½Π° свСтовния ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ€ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ с ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ са Dysport, Xeomin, Myobloc, Prosigne ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ.По Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†Π° изслСдвания ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° BoNT сС ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π²Π° с висока СфСктивност ΠΈ бСзопасност. НСТСланитС Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ са рядкост ΠΈ са ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. Най-сСриознитС нСблагоприятни Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ са Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π° слабост (ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° мускулатура), Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π° ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ·Π° Π½Π° горния ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ‡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ (1-3% ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅).ΠŸΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡΡ‚ Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ слСд ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π΅ с BoNT e със срСдна ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡŠΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ мСсСца. Π—Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° СфСктивността са Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡŠΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° BoNT- ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ.Botulinum (BoNT) toxin is one of the most toxic biological substance known to mankind. It represents a neurotoxin produced by bacteria of the genus Clostridium and causes botulism.The appearance of facial wrinkles is mainly due to the aging of the skin but some wrinkles and unaesthetic facial expressions are a result of overactive facial muscles. Success in application of BoNT as a selective depressor of the activity of skeletal muscles leads to a widespread use in smoothing wrinkles.On the world market there is a variety of products containing BoNT for cosmetic purposes, which have received regulatory approval or are under development. Currently Botox has a share of 85% of the global market of products containing BoNT. Other products on the world market but with a limited application are Dysport, Xeomin, Myobloc, Prosigne and others.According to several studies, the application of BoNT is described by high efficiency and safety. Side effects are rare and reversible. The most serious adverse effects are temporary weakness (paralysis of nearby muscles), temporary ptosis of the upper eyelid and forehead (1-3% of patients).The paralytic effect after an injection of BoNT lasts approximately three months, thus requiring additional doses of BoNT at regular intervals to maintain the efficiency

    Implantological treatment of toothless jaws with locators and complete dentures

    Get PDF
    Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π² Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ тяхното ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡŠΠ·Π΄Π°Π΄ΠΎΡ…Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π²ΡŠΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π·Π° подобряванС Π½Π° Π·ΡŠΠ±Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° СстСтика, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ всС ΠΏΠΎ-чСсто сС ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Ρ‚ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ с Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ отнСмания Π½Π° Ρ‚Π²ΡŠΡ€Π΄Π° зъбна Ρ‚ΡŠΠΊΠ°Π½, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ част ΠΎΡ‚ стрСмСТа Π΅ Π΄Π° сС постигнат красиви ΠΈ ΡΡŠΡ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ‰ΠΈ, Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ зъби Π·Π° цял ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚. Π›ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ са спСцифични надстройки Π·Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ позволяват Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π·Π°Π΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° снСмаСми ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ конструкции. Π Π°Π·Π±ΠΈΡ€Π° сС, ΠΈΠΌΠ° изисквания ΠΈ към мСстата Π½Π° поставянС Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅. Най-чСсто са ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚ Π² прСдния ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŠΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ сС поставят ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠΌ Π΄Π²Π°, a Π½Π°ΠΉ-Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π° са Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎ успорСдни ΠΈ Π½Π° симСтрични мСста. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ конструкции Π΅ лСсната ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Ρ€ΡŠΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ…ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π½Π° Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ°, особСно ΠΎΡ‚ Π²ΡŠΠ·Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ. Π’ настоящия Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Ρ‰Π΅ сС прСдстави ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ случай Π½Π° ΡΡŠΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΆΠΊΠ° атрофия Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ кости. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ Π΅ възмоТно само Π² областта Π½Π° Π±Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚, ΠΊΡŠΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ всС ΠΎΡ‰Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π·Π΅Π½Π° кост с Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŠΡ‡Π½Π° височина. ЛСчСбният ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π²Π° поставянС Π½Π° 4 броя ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚ Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ с СкстрахиранС Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΡŠΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŠΡ‡Π½ΠΎ съзъбиС ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π°Π½Π΅ слСд 4 мСсСца Π½Π° снСмаСма ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Π° със Π·Π°Π΄Ρ€ΡŠΠΆΠ½ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π»Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Π° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡ€Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ са ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ тСрмопластична пластмаса VERTEX Thermosens.The development of technologies and materials in dentistry and their application have created many new opportunities for improving dental aesthetics, with the use of techniques with no or minimal rigid dental tissue utilization, as part of the quest to achieve beautiful and proportionate good-looking, functionally effective teeth for life. Locators are specific implant superstructures that allow effective retention of removable prosthetic structures. Certainly, there are also requirements for the placement of implants. Most commonly they are applicable to the lower jaw in the anterior stretch by placing at least two, and most preferably four, implants that are mutually parallel and symmetrical. An advantage of locally retained prosthetic structures is their easy maintenance from a hygienic point of view, especially from elderly patients. This report will present a clinical case of contemporary dental treatment for severe atrophy of the jawbone. Implant placement is possible only in the area of the chin of the lower jaw where there is still preserved bone of sufficient height. The treatment plan includes placing 4 implants on the lower jaw together with extraction of the minor residual dentition and production, after 4 months, of a removable denture with locator-type locking elements and new complete upper jaw dentures. The dentures are made of thermoplastic VERTEX ThermoSens

    MICROBIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT IN REGION VARNA

    Get PDF
    The hospital environment is widely contaminated with opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms and is considered as a source of outbreaks of nosocomial infections which are a worldwide phenomenon. Thus, it is clear that monitoring of the hospital environment is an essential element in the control of nosocomial infections. The purpose is to isolate and identify the microbes from hospital environment samples of different hospitals and healthcare services in the Region Varna and to analyze the risk that hospital environment poses in the region. This study was conducted over a period of 5 years from January 2012 to December 2016. A total of 12,673 different types of samples were collected and delivered quickly to the Laboratory of Microbiology of Regional Health Inspectorate Varna, where analyses were performed. We found bacteria in 816 of the tested objects and isolated a total of 29 bacterial species. The results show predominant Gram positive flora (71.81%), while Gram negatives represented only 28.19%. Prevention of nosocomial infections is a responsibility of all health-care workers. Microbiology laboratories should play a significant role in the attempts to minimize the occurrence of nosocomial infection through accurate identification of responsible organisms, timely reporting of laboratory data and participation in hospital infection control

    Epidemiological Study of Hepatitis A Infection in Eastern Bulgaria

    No full text
    Background: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is an acute, self-limited liver disease transmitted usually through the faecal-oral route via person-to-person contact. Bulgaria has intermediate HAV endemicity with higher susceptibility among adults and recurrent outbreaks
    corecore