Rationale for Suit and Airlock Dust Mitigation

Technologies for suit and airlock dust mitigation is presented. The topics include: 1) Description; 2) Key findings; and 3) Challenges for Future Mission

The Influence of Sociology on American Jurisprudence from Oliver Wendell Holmes to Critical Legal Studies

This paper analyzes the distinctive influence that sociology has had on legal scholarship during the past century. It examines some of the more significant contributions that sociology has made to four of the major jurisprudential "movements" of the twentieth-century: Holmesian legal science, sociological jurisprudence, legal Realism, and Critical Legal Studies. In essence, this paper shows how sociology has: (1) contributed to the language of the law some of its more important concepts, (2) given jurisprudence penetrating insight inlo the social dynamics of the law, (3) revealed the close relationship which exists between law and the other social institutions, (4) provided jurisprudence with a positivistic, structural methodology by which to study the law, and (5) inspired a legal approach that is perspectival and hermeneutical in orientation

Synchronization and oscillatory dynamics in heterogeneous mutually inhibited neurons

We study some mechanisms responsible for synchronous oscillations and loss of synchrony at physiologically relevant frequencies (10-200 Hz) in a network of heterogeneous inhibitory neurons. We focus on the factors that determine the level of synchrony and frequency of the network response, as well as the effects of mild heterogeneity on network dynamics. With mild heterogeneity, synchrony is never perfect and is relatively fragile. In addition, the effects of inhibition are more complex in mildly heterogeneous networks than in homogeneous ones. In the former, synchrony is broken in two distinct ways, depending on the ratio of the synaptic decay time to the period of repetitive action potentials ($\tau_s/T$), where $T$ can be determined either from the network or from a single, self-inhibiting neuron. With $\tau_s/T > 2$, corresponding to large applied current, small synaptic strength or large synaptic decay time, the effects of inhibition are largely tonic and heterogeneous neurons spike relatively independently. With $\tau_s/T < 1$, synchrony breaks when faster cells begin to suppress their less excitable neighbors; cells that fire remain nearly synchronous. We show numerically that the behavior of mildly heterogeneous networks can be related to the behavior of single, self-inhibiting cells, which can be studied analytically.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures, Kluwer.sty. Journal of Compuational Neuroscience (in press). Originally submitted to the neuro-sys archive which was never publicly announced (was 9802001

An atlas of CO2 storage potential in the nearshore waters of the Texas coast – American Recovery and Reinvestment Act – “Gulf of Mexico Miocene CO2 site characterization mega-transect”

Bureau of Economic Geolog

The effects of poliomyelitis on motor unit behavior during repetitive muscle actions: a case report

This is the published version. Also available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-611.Background: Acute paralytic poliomyelitis is caused by the poliovirus and usually results in muscle atrophy and weakness occurring in the lower limbs. Indwelling electromyography has been used frequently to investigate the denervation and innervation characteristics of the affected muscle. Recently developed technology allows the decomposition of the raw surface electromyography signals into the firing instances of single motor units. There is limited information regarding this electromyographic decomposition in clinical populations. In addition, regardless of electromyographic methods, no study has examined muscle activation parameters during repetitive muscle actions in polio patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the motor unit firing rates and electromyographic amplitude and center frequency of the vastus lateralis during 20 repetitive isometric muscle actions at 50% maximal voluntary contraction in healthy subjects and one patient that acquired acute paralytic poliomyelitis. Case presentation: One participant that acquired acute type III spinal poliomyelitis (Caucasian male, age = 29 yrs) at 3 months of age and three healthy participants (Caucasian females, age = 19.7 ± 2.1 yrs) participated in this study. The polio participant reported neuromuscular deficiencies as a result of disease in the hips, knees, buttocks, thighs, and lower legs. None of the healthy participants reported any current or ongoing neuromuscular diseases or musculoskeletal injuries. Conclusion: An acute bout of poliomyelitis altered motor unit behavior, such as, healthy participants displayed greater firing rates than the polio patient. The reduction in motor unit firing rates was likely a fatigue protecting mechanism since denervation via poliomyelitis results in a reduction of motorneurons. In addition, the concurrent changes in motor unit firing rates, electromyography amplitude and frequency for the polio participant would suggest that the entire motorneuron pool was utilized in each contraction unlike for the healthy participants. Finally, healthy participants exhibited changes in all electromyographic parameters during the repetitive muscle actions despite successfully completing all contractions with only a slight reduction in force. Thus, caution is warranted when quantifying muscular fatigue via motor unit firing rates and other electromyographic parameters since the parameters changed despite successful completing of all contractions with only a moderate reduction in strength in healthy subjects

Hubungan antara Faktor Sosio Ekonomi Ibu terhadap Pengetahuan Mengenai Tuberkulosis

Tuberkulosis (TB) dan kematian akibat infeksinya merupakan masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan mengenai TB denganfaktor sosio-ekonomi. Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional dengan sampel 2419 ibu yangdipilih secara acak menggunakan sistem polygonal random sampling dari 11 kelurahan terpadat diJakarta Timur. Data diuji dengan chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hanya 335 responden(14%) yang menjawab seluruh pertanyaan dengan benar dan berhubungan dengan status kerja, penghasilan keluarga, pendidikan terakhir dan sumber informasi. Pengetahuan mengenai TB yang tinggi berhubungan dengan status ibu yang tidak bekerja (p=0,004 RP 0,894 IK95% 0,83;0,97),penghasilan keluarga yang tinggi (p&lt;0,001 RP 1,33 IK95% 1,12;1,15), pendidikan terakhir yangtinggi (p&lt;0,001 RP 1,41 IK95% 1,31; 1,51), dan mendapatkan informasi (p&lt;0,001 RP 0,082IK95% 0,037; 0,178). Pengetahuan yang benar mengenai TB masih rendah dan televisi berperanbesar dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan mengenai TB pada ibu di Jakarta Timur. Disimpulkanpengetahuan mengenai TB berhubungan dengan faktor-faktor sosio ekonomik ibu dan dapatditingkatkan dengan sumber informasi yang tepat

Statistical analysis of historic hydrocarbon production data from Gulf of Mexico oil and gas fields and application to dynamic capacity assessment in CO2 storage

Bureau of Economic Geolog

Structural integrity of conventional and modified railroad bearing adapters for onboard monitoring

This paper presents a detailed study of the structural integrity of conventional and modified railroad bearing adapters for onboard monitoring applications. Freight railcars rely heavily on weigh bridges and stations to determine cargo load. As a consequence, most load measurements are limited to certain physical railroad locations. This limitation provided an opportunity for an optimized sensor that could potentially deliver significant insight on bearing condition monitoring as well as load information. Bearing adapter modifications (e.g. cut outs) were necessary to house the sensor and, thus, it is imperative to determine the reliability of the modified railroad bearing adapter, which will be used for onboard health monitoring applications. To this end, this study quantifies the impact of the proposed modifications on the adapter structural integrity through a series of experiments and finite element analyses. The commercial software Algor 20.3TM is used to conduct the stress finite element analyses. Different loading scenarios are simulated with the purpose of obtaining the conventional and modified bearing adapter stresses during normal and abnormal operating conditions. This information is then used to estimate the lifetime of these bearing adapters. Furthermore, this paper presents an experimentally validated finite element model which can be used to attain stress distribution maps of these bearing adapters in different service conditions. The maps are also useful for identifying areas of interest for an eventual inspection of conventional or modified railroad bearing adapters in the field

Bad apples in bad barrels revisited: Cognitive moral development, just world beliefs, rewards, and ethical decision-making

In this study, we test the interactive effect on ethical decision-making of (1) personal characteristics, and (2) personal expectancies based on perceptions of organizational rewards and punishments. Personal characteristics studied were cognitive moral development and belief in a just world. Using an in-basket simulation, we found that exposure to reward system information influenced managers' outcome expectancies. Further, outcome expectancies and belief in a just world interacted with managers' cognitive moral development to influence managers' ethical decision-making. In particular, low-cognitive moral development managers who expected that their organization condoned unethical behavior made less ethical decisions while high cognitive moral development managers became more ethical in this environment. Low cognitive moral development managers also behaved less ethically when their belief in a just world was high

Fatigue Life Estimation of Modified Railroad Bearing Adapters for Onboard Monitoring Applications

This paper presents a study of the fatigue life (i.e. number of stress cycles before failure) of Class K cast iron conventional and modified railroad bearing adapters for onboard monitoring applications under different operational conditions based on experimentally validated Finite Element Analysis (FEA) stress results. Currently, freight railcars rely heavily on wayside hot-box detectors (HBDs) at strategic intervals to record bearing cup temperatures as the train passes at specified velocities. Hence, most temperature measurements are limited to certain physical railroad locations. This limitation gave way for an optimized sensor that could potentially deliver significant insight on continuous bearing temperature conditions. Bearing adapter modifications (i.e. cut-outs) were required to house the developed temperature sensor which will be used for onboard monitoring applications. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the reliability of the modified railroad bearing adapter. Previous work done at the University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) led to the development of finite element model with experimentally validated boundary conditions which was utilized to obtain stress distribution maps of conventional and modified railroad bearing adapters under different service conditions. These maps were useful for identifying areas of interest for an eventual inspection of railroad bearing adapters in the field. Upon further examination of the previously acquired results, it was determined that one possible mode of adapter failure would be by fatigue due to the cyclic loading and the range of stresses in the railroad bearing adapters. In this study, the authors experimentally validate the FEA stress results and investigate the fatigue life of the adapters under different extreme case scenarios for the bearing adapters including the effect of a railroad flat wheel. In this case, the flat wheel translates into a periodic impact load on the bearing adapter. The Stress-Life approach is used to calculate the life of the railroad bearing adapters made out of cast iron and subjected to cyclic loading. From the known material properties of the adapter (cast iron), the operational life is estimated with a mathematical relationship. The Goodman correction factor is used in these life prediction calculations in order to take into account the mean stresses experienced by these adapters. The work shows that the adapters have infinite life in all studied cases