The start of the Abiogenesis:Preservation of homochirality in proteins as a necessary and sufficient condition for the establishment of the metabolism

Biosystems contain an almost infinite amount of vital important details, which together ensure their life. There are, however, some common structures and reactions in the systems: the homochirality of carbohydrates and proteins, the metabolism and the genetics. The Abiogenesis, or the origin of life, is probably not a result of a series of single events, but rather the result of a gradual process with increasing complexity of molecules and chemical reactions, and the prebiotic synthesis of molecules might not have left a trace of the establishment of structures and reactions at the beginning of the evolution. But alternatively, one might be able to determine some order in the formation of the chemical denominators in the Abiogenesis. Here we review experimental results and present a model of the start of the Abionenesis, where the spontaneous formation of homochirality in proteins is the precondition for the establishment of homochirality of carbohydrates and for the metabolism at the start of the Abiogenesis.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figure

A Prerequisite for Life

The complex physicochemical structures and chemical reactions in living organism have some common features: (1) The life processes take place in the cytosol in the cells, which, from a physicochemical point of view is an emulsion of biomolecules in a dilute aqueous suspension. (2) All living systems are homochiral with respect to the units of amino acids and carbohydrates, but (some) proteins are chiral unstable in the cytosol. (3) And living organism are mortal. These three common features together give a prerequisite for the prebiotic self-assembly at the start of the Abiogenesis. Here we argue , that it all together indicates, that the prebiotic self-assembly of structures and reactions took place in a more saline environment, whereby the homochirality of proteins not only could be obtained, but also preserved. A more saline environment for the prebiotic self-assembly of organic molecules and establishment of biochemical reactions could have been the hydrothermal vents

Role of the attractive forces in a supercooled liquid

Molecular Dynamics simulations of crystallization in a supercooled liquid of Lennard-Jones particles with different range of attractions shows that the inclusion of the attractive forces from the first, second and third coordination shell increases the trend to crystallize systematic. The bond-order $Q_6$ in the supercooled liquid is heterogeneously distributed with clusters of particles with relative high bond-order for a supercooled liquid, and a systematic increase of the extent of heterogeneity with increasing range of attractions. The onset of crystallization appears in such a cluster, which together explains the attractive forces influence on crystallization. The mean square displacement and self-diffusion constant exhibit the same dependence on the range of attractions in the dynamics and shows, that the attractive forces and the range of the forces plays an important role for bond-ordering, diffusion and for crystallization.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

Newton's discrete dynamics

In 1687 Isaac Newton published PHILOSOPHI\AE \ NATURALIS PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA, where the classical analytic dynamics was formulated. But Newton also formulated a discrete dynamics, which is the central difference algorithm, known as the Verlet algorithm. In fact Newton used the central difference to derive his second law. The central difference algorithm is used in computer simulations,where almost all Molecular Dynamics simulations are performed with the Verlet algorithm or other reformulations of the central difference algorithm. Here we show, that the discrete dynamics obtained by Newtons algorithm for Kepler's equation has the same solutions as the analytic dynamics. The discrete positions of a celestial body are located on an ellipse, which is the exact solution for a shadow Hamiltonian nearby the Hamiltonian for the analytic solution.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure

The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals:A Review and a New Hypothesis

Most biological organisms exhibit different kinds of symmetry; an Animal (Metazoa), which is our Darwinist ancestor, has bilateral symmetry, and many plants exhibit rotational symmetry. It raises some questions: I. How can the evolution from an undifferentiated cell without bilateral symmetry to a complex biological organism with symmetry, which is based on asymmetric DNA and enzymes, lead to the bilateral symmetry? II. Is this evolution to an organism with bilateral symmetry obtained by other factors than DNA and enzymatic reactions? The existing literature about the evolution of the bilateral symmetry has been reviewed, and a new hypothesis has been formulated based on these reviews. The hypothesis is that the morphogenesis of biosystems is connected with the metabolism and that the oscillating kinetics in the Glycolysis have played a role in the polarity of the biological cells and in the establishment of the bilateral symmetry in Animals