Probing the active site in single-atom oxygen reduction catalysts via operando X-ray and electrochemical spectroscopy

[[abstract]]Nonnoble metal catalysts are low-cost alternatives to Pt for the oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs), which have been studied for various applications in electrocatalytic systems. Among them, transition metal complexes, characterized by a redox-active single-metal-atom with biomimetic ligands, such as pyrolyzed cobalt–nitrogen–carbon (Co–Nx/C), have attracted considerable attention. Therefore, we reported the ORR mechanism of pyrolyzed Vitamin B12 using operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy coupled with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which enables operando monitoring of the oxygen binding site on the metal center. Our results revealed the preferential adsorption of oxygen at the Co2+ center, with end-on coordination forming a Co2+-oxo species. Furthermore, the charge transfer mechanism between the catalyst and reactant enables further Co–O species formation. These experimental findings, corroborated with first-principle calculations, provide insight into metal active-site geometry and structural evolution during ORR, which could be used for developing material design strategies for high-performance electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications.[[notice]]補正完

Efficient Lewis Acid Promoted Alkene Hydrogenations Using Dinitrosyl Rhenium(−I) Hydride Catalysts

Highly efficient alkene hydrogenations were developed using NO-functionalized hydrido dinitrosyl rhenium catalysts of the type [ReH(PR3)2(NO)(NO(LA))][Z] (2, LA = B(C6F5)3; 3, LA = [Et]+, Z = [B(C6F5)4]−; 4, LA = [SiEt3]+, Z = [HB(C6F5)3]−; R = iPr a, Cy b). Lewis acid attachment to the NO ligand was found to facilitate bending at the NOLA atom and concomitantly to open up a vacant site at the rhenium center. According to DFT calculations, the ability to bend follows the order 4 > 3 > 2, which did not match with the order of increasing hydrogenation activities: 3 > 4 > 2. The main factor spoiling catalytic performance was catalyst deactivation by detachment of the LA group occurring during the catalytic reaction course, which was found to go along with the decrease in order of DFT-calculated strengths of the ONO–LA bonds. LA detachment from the ONO atom could at least partly be prevented by LA addition as cocatalysts, which led to an extraordinary boost of the hydrogenation activities. For instance the “1/hydrosilane/B(C6F5)3” (1:5:5) system exhibited the highest performance, with TOFs up to 1.2 × 105 h–1 (1-hexene, 1-octene, cyclooctene, cyclohexene). The cocatalyst [Et3O][B(C6F5)4] showed the smallest effect, presumably due to the strong Lewis acidic character of the reagent causing side-reactions before reacting with 1a,b. The catalytic reaction course crucially involves not only reversible bending at the NOLA atom but also loss of a PR3 ligand, forming 16e or 14e monohydride reactive intermediates, which drive an Osborn-type hydrogenation cycle with olefin before H2 addition